<p>Qulleq, Qutdleq or Kutdlek is an uninhabited island in the King Frederick VI Coast, Sermersooq municipality in southern Greenland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Qulleq is an irregularly-shaped island that lies off the southeastern coast of Greenland. It is located 5.5 km from the shore off the mouth of the Anorituup Kangerlua fjord, to the NNE of Cape Tordenskjold, northeast of Nuuk Point.</p><br>
<p>Qulleq is the largest and southernmost island of a small offshore archipelago of four main islands, including Qipinnguak close by to the west, Takisoq to the northwest and Qeqertarsuaq to the north. The island&#39;s length is 6 km and its maximum width 2.8 km.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Qutsigsormiut is an important Paleo-Eskimo archaeological site on Qulleq&#39;s southern coast. It is located by a south-facing bay known as Qulleq Sound that forms a sheltered natural harbour.</p><br>
<p>A LORAN transmitting station was built on the southeastern point of the island and lies now abandoned.</p><br>
<p>Napasorsuaq Fjord or Napasorsuup Kangerlua  is a fjord of the King Frederick VI Coast in the Sermersooq municipality, southeastern Greenland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Napasorsuaq Fjord&#39;s mouth is located between Puisortup Kangerlua to the north and Anorituup Kangerlua to the south. It extends in a roughly east/west direction for about 20 km, bending in a NW/SE direction for a further 15 km, then it bends again in a NE/SW direction for a further 7 km.</p><br>
<p>To the east the fjord opens into the North Atlantic Ocean. At its head there are three large glaciers. The southern end of its mouth is at a point 16 km north of the island of Qulleq.</p><br>
<p>The northern side of the entrance of the fjord is Cape Daniel Rantzau, the SE headland of an irregularly-shaped coastal island located on the northern side of the mouth of the fjord —on the same island on which the Cape Cort Adelaer weather station stood. The island is separated from the mainland coast by the Tunua sound.</p><br>
<h3>Mountains</h3><br>
<p>There are high mountains rising on both sides of the fjord towards the inner side. A peak at the head of the fjord rises steeply to a height of 1,473 m on the southern side above the glacier at 61&deg;47&prime;43&Prime;N latitude, 42&deg;56&prime;11&Prime;W longitude. Further inland there is a massive 1,600 m mountain located at 61&deg;48&prime;25&Prime;N latitude, 43&deg;4&prime;38&Prime;W longitude and 5 km further to the west a 1,800 m glacier-topped mountain at 61&deg;47&prime;52&Prime;N latitude, 43&deg;10&prime;22&Prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>The Humboldt Mountains or Humboldt Range are one of the many ranges which make up the Southern Alps in the South Island of New Zealand. They lie to the northwest of Lake Wakatipu in the Otago Region. Parts of the range lie within Fiordland National Park, and they form the southern extremity of Mount Aspiring National Park. The range was named by early explorer James McKerrow, and like many geographic features worldwide, it was named in honour of notable scientist Alexander von Humboldt.</p><br>
<p>The Humboldts run roughly north-south for a distance of some 30 km, its eastern and western edges defined by the roughly parallel glaciated valleys of the Hollyford and Dart Rivers. They are separated from the Ailsa Range to the south by the smaller valley of the Caples River. In the extreme southeast, the range drops straight to the waters of Lake Wakatipu, close to the small settlements of Kinloch and Glenorchy. Numerous small rivers have their sources within the Humboldts, notably the Routeburn River and the Olivine River. Two major tramping tracks follow valleys within the Humboldt Range, the Caples Track and the Routeburn Track.</p><br>
<p>Several peaks within the Humboldt Mountains rise to over 2,000 m above sea level, the highest peak being Mount Bonpland, at 2,348 m.</p><br>
<p>The Hydeville School is a historic former school building on Vermont Route 4A in Castleton, Vermont. Built in 1898, it is a high-quality local example of Colonial Revival architecture. It is also historically notable as one of the first schools in the state that was used as a training school for teachers being trained at the normal school in Castleton . The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hydeville School stands in the village of Hydeville in western Castleton. It is set on the south side of Route 4A, between School Street and Blissville Road. It is a two-story wood frame structure, with a hip roof, clapboard siding, and a slate foundation finished in concrete. The most prominent feature is a projecting three-story tower, which has pilastered corners, the main entrance set in a round-arch opening, and an open belvedere beneath a flared pyramidal roof. The interior retains significant amounts of original finish, including woodwork in the stairwells and classrooms.</p><br>
<p>The school was authorized by the town in 1898, designed by local architect N.S. Wood, and opened in 1899. It is a fine local vernacular expression of Colonial Revival architecture. It was one of three schools in the Castleton school system that was used by the normal school at Castleton College as a training ground for teachers and techniques.</p><br>
<p>The Peace Cross is a war memorial, located in the three-way junction of Bladensburg Road, Baltimore Avenue, and Annapolis Road in Bladensburg, Maryland. It is a large cross, 40 ft in height, made of tan concrete with exposed pink granite aggregate. The arms of the cross are supported by unadorned concrete arches. The 40-foot cross was erected in 1925 by the local chapter of the American Legion to honor 49 soldiers who had died in World War I. When the cross was first put in place, it was located on private property. The land it sits on was later transferred to a governmental agency, the Maryland-National Capital Park and Planning Commission, as part of a 1960 road-improvement plan. It was designed by John J. Earley and placed in 1919-25 in commemoration of the town&#39;s World War I war casualties.</p><br>
<p>The memorial was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2015.</p><br>
<p>In October, 2017 the Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that publicly funded maintenance of the cross was unconstitutional because it "excessively entangles the government in religion because the cross is the core symbol of Christianity and breaches the wall separating church and state." The court remanded the issue of what will happen to the cross to the district court.</p><br>
<p>The Waban Library Center is a library located in a historic building at 1608 Beacon Street in Newton, Massachusetts. The building is a modest 1½ story Tudor Revival brick building, with a gabled slate roof and raised end walls. A cross-gabled entry area projects from the center of the front facade. It was designed by Densmore, LeClear & Robbins, and built in 1929 with funds raised by subscription from Newton&#39;s citizens. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Originally the Branch library of Newton Free Library was located here. In early 2009, it closed due to budgetary constraints, but re-opened in September 2009 as the Waban Library Center, a community-supported facility.</p><br>
<p>The Waban Library Center, independent from the Newton Free Library, is completely staffed by volunteers and supported by the community. Building upon its history as a village reading room, the Waban Library Center presents itself as a gateway for lifelong learning and as a hub for intellectual, cultural, social and physical enrichment. It operates on a non-profit financial model.</p><br>
<p>The Chuckwalla Valley is a large valley in eastern Riverside County, California, named for a large lizard, the chuckwalla found in the arid Southwestern United States deserts.</p><br>
<p>The region of the valley in southeast California, is the low elevation section of the Mojave Desert transitioning into the Colorado Desert, the northwest extension (in California) of the Sonoran Desert. The region is notable for valleys containing bajadas, sand dunes, and intermittent, dry, or saline lakes. Chuckwalla Valley contains Ford Lake (Ford Dry Lake) in the east-southeast; Palen Lake (Palen Dry Lake) occurs in the center-northwest, at the south terminus of the smaller, north-south Palen Valley.</p><br>
<p>The south end of the valley expands slightly northwest-by-southeast, and contains Danby Dry Lake, a 13-mi (21 km)</p><br>
<p>St. Johns Lutheran Church is located in rural Franklin County, Iowa, United States, east of the city of Hampton. The church property was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places as St. Johns Danish Evangelical Lutheran Church in 2015.</p><br>
<p>Founded in June 1879, St. Johns was one of the few all-Danish congregations in Iowa. They bought 40 acre of land in July 1883, and completed a parsonage the same year. The front portion of the present frame church was dedicated on March 25, 1889, and it was enlarged ten years later to its present T-plan. A hall to house the Danish language school was completed in 1896, and it was replaced by the present structure in 1917. The present parsonage was built in 1950. The other contributing buildings include the parsonage garage, and the garage for the custodians house (the house is no longer extant). The ornamental entrance gate and metal fence are the structure. The object is a stepping stone utilized by those who arrived by carriage. The sites include the remaining 15 acre of land and the cemetery. The congregation had to sell off most of its land to pay off debts during difficult financial times. The cemetery, which surrounds the church, is significant because it is believed it initially followed a European burial tradition. Plots were not sold until the early 1940s with perpetual care plots, but early photographs of the property show the existence of graves whose markers are no longer extant. Early burials used light coffins and successive burials were superimposed over the older.</p><br>
<p>The Rockwell City Bridge is located just east of Rockwell City, Iowa, United States. The 60 ft span carried traffic on 270th Street over an unnamed stream. In 1915 Calhoun County requested the Iowa State Highway Commission  and Des Moines engineer James B. Marsh to design a bridge for this crossing. The ISHC designed a double span concrete girder structure, while Marsh submitted his patented single-span rainbow arch configuration. They chose the Marsh submission, and contracted with the Iowa Bridge Company to build six bridges for $11,690, which included the costs for this bridge at $4,107.65. Originally built to serve a county road, it was later incorporated into the route for USA Highway 20 and carried heavy traffic until the highway was realigned in 1981. While no longer in use, the bridge remains in place just south of the replacement span. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>The Marsh Rainbow Arch Bridge, also known as the Coon River Bridge and Rainbow Bend Access, is located south of Lake City, Iowa, United States. The 271 ft three-span bridge carried traffic on Iberia Avenue over the North Raccoon River. It was designed by Des Moines engineer James Barney Marsh in his patented rainbow arch configuration, and constructed by the Iowa Bridge Company in 1914 for $10,970. It replaced a Howe truss bridge that had been built by the King Bridge Company of Cleveland. That bridge was put in service upstream and remained in use until 1983 when it was taken down. The Marsh arch bridge was replaced in 1985, and remains in place in a county park. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.</p><br>
<p>A model of the Marsh Rainbow Arch Bridge is included in The Big Treehouse, a campground tourist attraction.</p><br>
<p>Skjoldungen  is a large uninhabited island in the King Frederick VI Coast, southeastern Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Sermersooq municipality. The weather of the island is characterized by tundra climate.</p><br>
<p>The island was named by Wilhelm August Graah (1793–1863) after Skjoldungen or Skioldungen, a honorific title for the successors (Scyldings) of legendary King Skjold to the ancient Danish throne in Norse mythology.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Skjoldungen is a coastal island in the southeastern shores of Greenland. It is located between two fjords, the Southern Skjoldungen Fjord (Sonder Skjoldungesund; Inugsuarmiut), to the southwest, and the Northern Skjoldungen Fjord (Nordre Skjoldungesund) to the northeast between Skjoldungen and one of the arms of the Thorland Peninsula. The Morke Sound (Mørkesund) is a 700 m wide sound that joins both fjords in the NW, separating the island from the mainland.</p><br>
<p>The island stretches 49 km in a NE/SW direction. Its highest point is Azimuthbjerg, a 1,738 m high ultra-prominent peak at the NW end of the island. Skjoldungen&#39;s maximum width is 14 km. Skjoldungen Island has a rugged terrain, which includes the Skjoldmøen, Bjarje and Hjalte glaciers and the Gedebukken, Pandebrasken, Skuren and Sfinksen nunataks.</p><br>
<p>The southern part divides into two peninsulas jutting southeastwards, the Roar Peninsula (Roar Halvø) and the Helge Peninsula (Helges Halvø). Skjoldungen&#39;s southernmost headland is Cape Niels Juel, a narrow cape of reddish-brown rock at the end of the Helge Peninsula. 3.5 km long Anarnitsoq island lies just to the west of the cape.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Since the eastern coast of Greenland was inhabited by Paleo-Eskimo people around 4,000 years ago, the Skjoldungen Fjords were likely inhabited or visited by nomadic hunters. At the Qoornoq site, located on a small headland by the shore of the Southern Skjoldungen Fjord, there are archaeological remains of later historical periods. These include Thule culture graves indicating that Inuit people lived on the island after the 13th century.</p><br>
<p>There are remains of relatively recent abandoned Inuit dwellings inside the fjord on Skjoldungen&#39;s western shore. These date back to 1938 when one hundred and fifty Inuit from Ammassalik were convinced by the Danish authorities to settle in this large island. During World War II a weather station was built and run by the Allies on Skjoldungen, as well as another one on Cape Adelaer further south down the coast at 61&deg;50&prime;N latitude, 42&deg;5&prime;W longitude.</p><br>
<p>The inhabitants of the Inuit settlement were relocated in 1965 following a nationwide program to concentrate the population of Greenland in a few larger towns.</p><br>
<p>Currently the island is a popular destination with tourists on cruise ships to Greenland owing to its impressive landscapes.</p><br>
<p>Upernattivik, also known as Upernarsuak, is an uninhabited island in King Frederick VI Coast, southeastern Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Sermersooq municipality.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Upernattivik is a coastal island in Umivik Bay, located between the Fridtjof Nansen Peninsula to the north and the Odinland Peninsula to the south. The Torsukattak is an 800 m wide sound that separates the island from the mainland in the north and the broader Umiiviip Kangertiva Fjord is located to the south.</p><br>
<p>The island is 18 km long with a maximum width of 11 km.</p><br>
<p>There are some smaller islands in its vicinity, such as Treflodigheden, Terne Island and Tre Lover to the west and Pikiitsi off its eastern point.</p><br>
<p>The Harward Family House is a historic house on Pork Point Road in Bowdoinham, Maine. Built about 1795 and repeatedly enlarged and altered, it is historically significant as the home of Thomas Harward, whose familys local shipyard was one of the most important elements of Bowdoinhams economy until about 1870. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Harward Family House is located in northern Bowdoinham, on the west side of Pork Point Road, about 0.4 mi south of its junction with Maine State Route 24. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, connected via ells to a barn at the rear. The street-facing front is an unusual five-bay gabled facade, with a center entrance. The gable has Italianate brackets in the eaves, and Greek Revival returns. The building corners are pilastered, and the entrance features a Colonial Revival surround, with sidelight windows, pilasters, and a corniced entablature. The interior is finished in a blend of Federal, Greek Revival, and Colonial Revival styles, representing at least three different periods of construction and alteration.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1795 by Thomas Harward, a Bowdoinham native whose first ship was built c. 1790 on Swan Island, located opposite Pork Point in the Kennebec River. Harward built this house about 1795, and raised thirteen children. Thomas&#39; son John inherited the house and the shipyard, which he managed during its height in the 1850s. It is around that time that he made alterations to the house, updating it to prevailing Greek Revival and Italianate taste. The Harward shipyard suffered financial reverses in the Panic of 1857, and closed in 1869. Although it was not as large as the shipyards of Bath and Richmond, it was a significant element in the local economy.</p><br>
<p>Ensomheden, meaning Loneliness in the Danish language, is an uninhabited island in southeastern Greenland. Administratively it is part of the Sermersooq municipality.</p><br>
<p>The weather of the island is characterized by tundra climate.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Ensomheden is an island in the Bernstorff Fjord of the King Frederick VI Coast, located between the Odinland Peninsula to the north and the Thorland Peninsula to the south. It lies within the fjord, about 33 km from its mouth in the North Atlantic Ocean. The waters around the island are mostly clogged by ice calved by the active glaciers at the head of the fjord.</p><br>
<p>The island is 3.2 km long with a maximum width of 1.5 km.</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>Spencer Apollonio, Lands That Hold One Spellbound: A Story of East Greenland, 2008</p><br>
<p>The Kazon Building is a historic industrial building at 50 Marble Street in West Rutland, Vermont. Built in 1929, it is a well-preserved local example of a purpose-built garment factory, built by Louis Kazon, a leading local businessman in that industry. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. It has been converted to mixed office and residential use.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Kazon Building is located in central West Rutland, on the north side of Marble Street, near its junction with Campbell Avenue. It is a two story brick and masonry building, with a front facade 40 ft wide, and a length of 120 ft. The front is five bays wide, with the entrance in the left bay, and large fixed 16-pane windows in the other bays. The windows have marble sills, and there is brick and marble decorative panelwork between the floors. A parapet obscures the flat roof, with a marble panel inscribed "KAZON BUILDING" at its center. The interior originally house an open work space on the upper floor and an office area at the front of the first floor; most of the work area has now been converted to residences.</p><br>
<p>Louis Kazon was a Jewish immigrant, who moved to the Rutland area in 1919, at first managing the textile factories of others, before opening his own garment shop in Rutland in 1921. In 1929 he built the present factory building, taking advantage of a tax benefit offered by the town of West Rutland. The Kazon Manufacturing Company was incorporated in 1933, and operated at these premises until 1948, producing apparel for men and women and employing about 125 workers, mainly the wives and daughters of area marble workers. Kazon was a major figure in the area&#39;s Jewish community, and was one of the founders of the Rutland Jewish Center.</p><br>
<p>Petit Jean State Park was the first state park of Arkansas, established in 1923 when the United States government decided against the establishment of a national park in the area. A significant portion of its infrastructure was developed in the 1930s by work crews of the Civilian Conservation Corps , and many of those elements remain in good condition, forming an important element of the park&#39;s appearance. The CCC crews built roads, buildings, trails, and the dams which impound Lake Bailey and Roosevelt Lake. These features are described in further detail below. Many of them have been listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Buildings</h2><br>
<p>The CCC built a number of significant buildings in the park, including administrative and public-use facilities. The most prominent of these is probably Mather Lodge, a large Rustic stone building built in 1935, enlarged in 1940 (also by the CCC), and again about 1960, when its restaurant wing was added. The main administration building, now partly converted to a gift shop, was also built about 1935. One of the more unusual buildings the CCC erected in the park is its original water treatment building (now abandoned), a roughly square stone structure, which, despite its remote location away from the tourist facilities, is still in the Rustic style of its public buildings. It was in the park&#39;s early years a critical element of its infrastructure, housing equipment that filtered and sanitized water for park visitors.</p><br>
<p>The park&#39;s facilities also include a series of cabins available for rent by visitors. Four of these were built by the CCC, and exhibit its classic Rustic style. All four (cabin numbers 1, 6, 9, and 16) were built about 1935, and are roughly T-shaped stone structures, with gabled or hipped roofs and projecting central porches. Cabin #1 has a stone patio to one side. Cabin #6 has a shed-roof porch with views of the canyon. Cabin #9 is partially finished with weatherboard siding, and has an original stone masonry cooking pit nearby. Cabin #16 is rectangular, with its porch supported by log columns.</p><br>
<h2>Roads, bridges, and trails</h2><br>
<p>The CCC built several roads and trails through the park. The Blue Hole Road, which now forms part of the Boy Scout Trail, originally provided vehicular access from the Red Bluff loop road down to the Blue Hole swimming area. Surviving features include culverts, a retaining wall, and some guard rail. A well-preserved section of trail built by the CCC is the Cedar Falls Trail, which provides access from Mather Lodge into the canyon, and includes a bridge across Cedar Creek.</p><br>
<p>Two CCC-built road-related structures are still in active use for vehicular traffic. A box culvert built out of stone underlies Highway 154, the main access road through the park, and the Cedar Creek Bridge carries Red Bluff Road over Cedar Creek, just below the outlet of Lake Roosevelt. There is also a now-disused pedestrian bridge, built of concrete to resemble logs (in a cruder version of works done by Dionicio Rodriguez elsewhere in Arkansas) in one of the park&#39;s grassy areas.</p><br>
<p>The former Lake City Public Library is a historic structure located in Lake City, Iowa, United States. Efforts to establish a library began as early as 1889 when community socials were held to raise money for books. Women in the community, however, would not form a community library association until 1905. They sought donations of books and money from the community and were able to set up a subscription that year in the old primary building next to Central School. By 1908 there were 1,500 volumes in the library. The Association proposed to the city council in February of the same year that they turn their holdings over to the city for a free library. The council agreed to submit the proposal to the voters and the Association petitioned the Carnegie Corporation of New York for funds to build a new building. They accepted Lake City&#39;s application for a grant for $7,500 on May 8, 1908, and approved the library proposal in early June. S.T. and E.S. Hutchison donated the property. Denison, Iowa architect Edgar Lee Barber designed the Neoclassical building that was built by Nelson Construction Company. It opened in April 1910. There was no formal dedication. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990. The community has subsequently built a new library, and this building now houses a commercial business.</p><br>
<p>The Lake City Water Standpipe is a historic structure located in Lake City, Iowa, United States. The standpipe was a popular form of water tower from about 1860 to the turn of the 20th-century. The city council first attempted to build it as early as 1890, but the $10,000 bond was rejected. An $8,000 bond issue passed in June 1893, and a Water Works Department was established. The city contracted with the A.F. Paige Company of Sioux City to build the tower, which is 90 ft tall and a diameter of 12 ft. It was completed in November 1893. Water mains were laid the following year and water was delivered to most citizens of Lake City. It also allowed the city to provide adequate fire protection. A new water tank was built next to the standpipe in the 1920s. It has subsequently been replaced by a larger structure on the southeast side of town. The standpipe was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Bernstorff Fjord  is a fjord in King Frederick VI Coast, eastern Greenland.</p><br>
<p>Administratively it is part of the Sermersooq municipality. The fjord was named after Danish statesman Andreas Peter Bernstorff. This fjord is almost always blocked by heavy ice.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>One of the coastal islands, Igdluluarssuk (Sattiaatteq) at the entrance of the fjord on its southern side, had had the northernmost Inuit settlement of the southern group on the east coast in the recent past.</p><br>
<p>Arctic explorer Wilhelm August Graah of the Danish Navy explored this area in 1828–30, during an expedition in search of the legendary Eastern Norse Settlement.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>To the east the Bernstorff Fjord opens into the North Atlantic Ocean. It separates the Odinland Peninsula to the north, from the Thorland Peninsula to the south of the fjord. A single island, Ensomheden, is located within the fjord about 33 km from its mouth. Cape Mosting is the headland on the northern side.</p><br>
<p>The Storebjorn, Bernstorff, Fimbul and Sleipner glaciers at the head of this fjord produce massive amounts of ice. The constant glacier activity produces a powerful current streaming out of the fjord which, together with the numerous ice floes, makes navigation hazardous in the area between its mouth and Umivik Bay.</p><br>
<p>The Lake City Community Memorial Building is a historic structure located in Lake City, Iowa, United States. The building was built as a memorial to those who served in the American Civil War, the Spanish–American War, and World War I. It was a project of the women in the Lake City Civic Improvement Society, a Progressive Era organization that exemplified civic involvement and community cohesion. They provided the funding while the city council was responsible for its development. The two-story, brick Neoclassical structure was designed by the Des Moines architectural firm of Proudfoot, Bird & Rawson, and it was built by Arthur H. Neumann & Co., also of Des Moines. The main auditorium sat 750 people, and had a stage on the north side. It has subsequently been removed to increase the seating capacity. There was also a room for the city council chambers, which no longer meets here, a Memorial Room for use by the American Legion, kitchen facilities, and a women&#39;s meeting room. Across the top of the main facade are three limestone panels with the words "Soldiers," "Sailors," and "Marines" inscribed on them. In the arches above the three doors are inscriptions of the names of important battlegrounds from the three wars. Above the first door are: "Shiloh, Gettysburg, Antietam;" above the second, "Santiago, Manila, San Juan;" and above the third, "St. Mihiel, Argonne, Chateau Thierry." The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Penkigney Bay  is a bay of the Bering Sea on the eastern coast of the Chukotka Peninsula, Russian Federation. Administratively the bay is part of the Providensky District of Chukotka.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Penkigney Bay is a fjord. The inner part of it stretches in a southwest/northeast direction for about 15 km and then it bends and opens towards the southeast for about 8 km until its mouth. I has an average width of about 4 km. There are two inlets and a coastal lagoon enclosed by a landspit inside the bay. Merkinkan and Achinkinkan are two small islands located at the entrance of the fjord on its northern side, and beyond the point on the southern side lies Alera Bay, a small cove. There are no permanent settlements in the shores of this bay.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This bay was first surveyed described and mapped by midshipman Makar Ratmanov during the First Kamchatka Expedition in the autumn of 1828 led by Russian mariner Count Fyodor Petrovich Litke.</p><br>
<p>Penkigney bay was visited later in the 19th century by Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld during his Vega Expedition that made the Northeast Passage. Nordenskiöld called the bay "Konyam Bay":</p><br>
<p>The Dresden Town House is a historic civic and social venue at 391 Middle Road in Dresden, Maine. Built in 1859 and enlarged in 1904, it has housed town meetings for many years, as well as serving as a polling place and venue for social events such as dances and community group meetings. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Dresden Town House is located on the west side of Middle Road (Maine State Route 127), a short way north of its junction with Maine State Route 197, in a rural area known as Dresden Mills. It is a long two-story wood frame structure, with a gabled roof, exterior of wooden shingles (upper floor) and clapboards (ground floor), and is set on piers of concrete and granite. Its front facaden is symmetrical, with entrances set near the outer corners and sash windows to the interior. The upper level has two sash windows, which are topped by triangular hoods. The decorative line of these hoods is extended to a larger central triangular peak, under which the year 1904 is marked. The interior has meeting spaces on both floors, with the ground floor vestibule housing the towns American Civil War memorial. The upper halls ceiling is pressed tin.</p><br>
<p>Construction of a single-story town house was authorized by the town in 1859 and dedicated the following year. The building housed the town meeting space, and offices of the selectmen, and was rented out for other functions. It housed the district 5 school when that building burned down. In 1901 the town made an agreement with the local Grange chapter for the addition of a second floor, which was completed in 1904. The Grange ceased operations in 1969, but the building continues to be used for community and civic functions.</p><br>
<p>The Asahel Kidder House, presently housing the Maplewood Inn, is a historic house at 1108 South Main Street in Fair Haven, Vermont. Built about 1843, by the efforts of a prosperous local farmer, it is a remarkably sophisticated expression of Greek Revival architecture for a rural setting. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Asahel Kidder House stands about 1 mi south of the village center of Fair Haven, on the east side of Vermont Route 22A, the principal route leading south from the village. The house consists of a main block and two substantial ells, and there is also a 19th-century barn on the property, facing Bolger Road. The house&#39;s main block is 2-1/2 stories in height, with a front-facing gabled roof and clapboard siding. The main facade is three bays wide, with corner pilasters rising to an entablature and fully pedimented gable. A triangular louver occupies the center of the gable. The main entrance is in the rightmost bay, framed by sidelight windows and pilasters, with a corniced entablature above. To the left (as seen from the road) is a single-story ell with similar styling, including corner pilasters. The right ell includes what is probably the oldest part of the house. Built about 1770 and attached to the house around 1870, it is 1-1/2 stories in height, with corner pilasters, and a shed-roof porch extending across its front.</p><br>
<p>The main house was built about 1843 by Asahel Kidder, a prosperous local sheep farmer who was also prominent in local civic affairs. The sophisticated Greek Revival elements showcased his sophistication and wealth. About 1870, Mr. Kidder added the right (or southerly) ell, a former "tenement house" or tavern built about 1770 that was adjacent to the property, in order to accommodate a growing family. Isaac Wood, Mr. Kidders son-in-law, inherited the farm after Mr. Kidders death. Mr. Wood converted it into a dairy operation, which became known as Maplewood Dairy. He built the left-side (or northerly) addition to the house about 1880. The dairy closed in 1979 after nearly a century in operation, and the dairy plant on the property behind the home was razed in the early 1980s. The house was sold out of the family in 1986 and converted into a bed and breakfast.</p><br>
<p>Central School is a historic structure located in Lake City, Iowa, United States. A bond referendum for a new school passed in February 1884. The Des Moines architectural firm of Foster & Liebee designed the building in the Italianate style, and it was built by contractor Robert Harrison. They based their plan on an example the school board found in Everetts School Architecture. The exterior of the two-story structure is composed of locally produced brick and it cost $7,175 to build. Two classrooms were located on each of the two floors. A frame building to house the kindergarten was built in 1895, and the school board determined the following year to expand the building by four more classrooms. In 1897 the addition was completed, as was another grade school building in town. A high school was built in 1904, which took the pressure off the schools population. The building served as a school building until 1980. It was acquired three years later by Central School Preservation Inc. and renovated for a historic-cultural center. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>The Henry Ladd and Gretchen Hoyt Corbett House is a Colonial Revival-style house in Dunthorpe, Oregon, an unincorporated suburb of Portland. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The property on which the house sits was part of an 1850 640-acre land claim by William S. and Mary Jane Torrance. A 19-acre portion of the property, located in Dunthorpe which was then known as Rivera, was acquired in 1904 by Henry Ladd Corbett, a prominent politician and businessman who twice served as President of the Oregon State Senate., National Register of Historic Places Registration Form,</p><br>
<p>National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior, Portland, Oregon, 15 July 1990.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1915 and 1916 by Corbett, who had married Gretchen Hoyt in 1908. It was a large two-story home with 7,000 square feet (650 m2) of interior space. In addition to the family living areas, there was a two-story servants&#39; wing connected to the main house.</p><br>
<p>Henry Corbett continued to reside in the house until his death in 1957, and Gretchen until her death in 1978. The property was divided into several lots, including a 1.6 acre lot around the house, which was listed on the NRHP in 1991. Houses have since been built on most of the other lots.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago and North Western Office Building/Passenger Depot-Lake City, also known as the Lake City Depot, is a historic building located in Lake City, Iowa, United States. The Toledo & North Western Railroad  laid the first tracks through town in 1881-1882. Because Lake City was already established, they built a two-story, frame, combination depot and the southeast edge of town. Because of its convenient location, the TNW also built their repair and maintenance shops in Lake City in the 1880s. They placed their division headquarters here in 1887. The Chicago and North Western Railway  acquired controlling interest in the TNW in June 1881, and ran it separately until it formally acquired it in 1890.</p><br>
<p>The CNW announced in 1899 that were going to build a new office building in Lake City, and they completed the classically influenced, 2½-story brick building the following year. In 1916 the railroad announced that they were moving their divisional headquarters to Sioux City, and they would convert their office building in Lake City into a depot. The shops remained in town until 1924, when they were closed. The CNW discontinued passenger service after World War II. A freight agent remained at the depot until 1969 when the station closed. The CNW abandoned its line through Lake City in 1972. The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Perry C. and Mattie Forrest Holdoegel House is a historic dwelling located in Rockwell City, Iowa, United States. Perry C. Holdoegel was a member of the Iowa Senate who was responsible for the legislation that established the state park system in Iowa. It was the first conservation law in Iowa of any significance. He was also responsible for the establishment of Twin Lakes State Park in Calhoun County. The house was built in 1917, the same year Holdoegel entered the state senate. It was designed in the Colonial Revival style by the Fort Dodge architectural firm of Damon and O&#39;Meara. They were also responsible for a similar house in town. The house features a two-story entrance porch that is supported in each corner by three columns of the Doric order, and topped with a balustraded balcony. There is an arched entryway with a fanlight and sidelights. The windows have flat keystone lintels, and functional wood shutters. At the top of the structure is a shallow, molded and unadorned cornice. On top of the roof are narrow gable dormers with arched windows and triangular pediments. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>Lake Kenyatta, also Lake Mukunganya, is a lake in Lamu County, in northeastern Kenya.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The lake is located in Lamu County, approximately 2.5 km, southwest of the town of Mpeketoni. (est. pop. 50,000 in 2015). This is approximately 50 km, by road, southwest of the port city of Lamu. The coordinates of the lake are: 2°2445.0"S, 40°4053.0"E (Latitude:-2.412494; Longitude:40.681396).</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The lake supports herds of hippopotami, zebra, monkeys, waterbuck, buffalo and warthog. Also, a large number of wild birds are found here.</p><br>
<h2>Silting</h2><br>
<p>Due to encroachment from the rapidly increasing population in Mpeketoni, the lake is shrinking as a result of (a) silting (b) humans invading its wetlands (c) drilling of many boreholes in the catchment area and (d) invasion by large herds of domestic cattle.</p><br>
<p>The Peter and Mary Smith House, also known as the Hopkins House and the Otto House, is a historic dwelling located in Lake City, Iowa, United States. Peter Smith was a pioneer to this town and a prominent businessman. He was involved in retail, banking, and real estate. Smith and his first wife Sarah settled in Calhoun County, Iowa from Cass County, Michigan around 1855, and bought land near the present Smith Farmhouse. He served as the first judge in the county when Lake City was the county seat. Sarah died in 1875 while they were living in Glidden, Iowa. After the arrival of the railroad in 1881, Peter and his second wife Mary moved to Lake City. They built this two-story, brick, L-shaped house in 1887. While it does not conform to any one style, it is primarily a combination of the Italianate and the Gothic Revival styles. The Italianate influence is found in the bracketed cornice, segmentally arched lintels, wooden cutout designs over the windows, a front bay window, and the hipped roof. The influences of the Gothic Revival style are found in the bargeboard and the roof line. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Kenilworth Club is a historic clubhouse located at 410 Kenilworth Avenue in Kenilworth, Illinois. The clubhouse was built in 1907 as a social club for the wealthy Chicago suburb. Resident and noted Prairie School architect George W. Maher designed the building. His design represents a transitional stage in his work; it was his last building to feature a significant horizontal emphasis, and it includes several early hints at style elements he later became known for. The windows are arranged in groups of three, which was typical of Mahers later works, and a stem-and-square motif used in several external elements evokes the signature thistle patterns he introduced the next year. The horizontal elements, which include the broad eaves and wall paneling, exhibit Mahers difficulties with the horizontal form of the Prairie School and were called "unsatisfactory" by architectural historian Carl W. Condit.</p><br>
<p>The clubhouse was added to the National Register of Historic Places on March 21, 1979.</p><br>
<p>False Cape Battery is a heritage-listed fortification at Yarrabah Road, Trinity Beach, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1942 to 1943 during World War II. It is also known as Leper Bay. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 18 April 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The defence facility at False Cape was established in late 1942-early 1943 as coastal defence for the port of Cairns on Trinity Inlet. Although this battery was never involved in direct action, its establishment was prioritised by General Douglas Macarthur as of strategic importance to the overall defence of the east coast of Australia. Following the establishment of Cairns in the mid-1870s, False Cape (named by Captain James Cook in 1770 and accessible only by boat) became a popular recreational venue. In July 1884, 100 acres from False Cape to the creek running into what is now known as Sunny Bay, was proclaimed a reserve for a Pilot Station on Trinity Harbour. In 1910 this was extended to 250 acres. In late 1889 the bay on the southwest side of the Cape became a temporary lazaret when a Chinese and a Malay from Cairns were isolated here for a few months, pending transfer to the leper station at Dayman Island in the Torres Strait. They were housed in tents erected on the slope of the hill overlooking the beach, which became known as Leper Bay. Although False Cape was never gazetted as a lazaret, it may have served for some decades as an occasional, temporary isolation area. In the 20th century this function ceased, and the name of the beach was changed to Sunny Bay.</p><br>
<p>In February 1940, following the outbreak of the Second World War in September 1939, Australian military reconnaissance identified two possible sites for the installation of fixed coastal defences at Trinity Inlet: the Esplanade in Cairns, or a preferred site extending from Lyons Point to False Cape, across the inlet from Cairns. By April 1940 the decision had been taken not to proceed with the defence of Cairns, despite increasing Japanese aggression in the Pacific region through 1940–41 and repeated requests by the Queensland Premier, William Forgan Smith, for the Australian Government to construct fortifications along the Queensland coast. The Australian Government committed little to northern coastal defences at this period, not even following Japan&#39;s simultaneous attacks on Hawaii, Hong Kong and Malaya in December 1941. Believing that alone, Australia could not defend the whole of the continent, the Australian Government prioritised the defence of the industrial and commercial southeast of Australia, declared the area north of Mackay a war zone in March 1942, and concentrated on a policy of civilian evacuation from North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Following the appointment of General Douglas Macarthur as Supreme Commander of Allied Forces, South West Pacific Area, United States military forces which had retreated to southern Australia following their January 1942 defeat in the Philippines, were transferred to north Queensland. From early 1942 Townsville became the base for Allied operations in the Pacific, but both the Royal Australian Navy and the United States Navy concentrated their base operations in Cairns, as this port was less congested. Establishing an advanced operational air base at Cairns for the Royal Australian Air Force&#39;s Catalina squadrons also became a priority. Following the Coral Sea and Midway campaigns in mid-1942 the war moved north to New Guinea, and Cairns became an important base for air force and naval operations in the New Guinea offensive. The Port of Cairns became a Supply Service Depot, with deliveries from larger vessels broken up for transfer to small ships to reduce potential loss from enemy attack. In 1943–1944 the Australian Army established major training and hospital/rehabilitation camps on the Atherton Tableland, just behind Cairns.</p><br>
<p>Despite the strong military presence in Cairns and district from early 1942, and substantial expenditure by the Allied Works Council on port improvements, Cairns harbour remained unprotected until General Macarthur instigated the coastal defence of selected Australian ports and naval bases following his arrival in Australia in March 1942. During 1942–1943 nineteen 2-gun batteries (designated by alphabet letter and hence known as Letter Batteries) were established and allocated to coastal defence in Australia and New Guinea. To equip these units, Macarthur requested from Washington the supply of 155mm guns, Sperry searchlights and associated equipment.</p><br>
<p>During 1942–1943, Cairns was the closest major Australian port to the war in the South Pacific, and movement of shipping in and out of the port via Grafton Passage (16&deg;39&prime;S latitude, 146&deg;45&prime;E longitude) needed to be protected from enemy attack and from enemy minelaying. There was also a need to communicate with shipping, particularly with troopships in the Outer Passage. On 25 December 1942, 127 men of H Australian Heavy Battery arrived in Cairns to establish and man the battery at False Cape. The site selected commanded the passageway from Cairns Harbour to the open sea, and was of high strategic value.</p><br>
<p>Initially, H Battery was accommodated in tents near a small freshwater stream emptying into Sunny Bay, about 500 yards south of the gun emplacements, while camp buildings were erected there by the local Civil Construction Corps. Constructed mostly of timber from Johnsons sawmill at Stratford, on the outskirts of Cairns, these buildings were of a standard rectangular design measuring 60 feet by 20 feet. They included: 7 barrack rooms, officers quarters, sergeants quarters (each of these having separate ablution blocks and latrines), battery office, quarter masters store, officers mess and kitchen, gunners mess and kitchen, canteen and recreation room, and a small battery charging room to supply the camp with electricity. About 150 yards north of the camp a workshop was erected, and north of this, about half-way between the camp and the defence installations, a hospital and RAP shelter were built. There was no road from Cairns to the camp, which had to be supplied via boat (the unit had its own two-masted vessel, the Eulalie). A timber jetty was constructed at Sunny Bay near the camp site, and closer to the Cape a stone and concrete ramp for a landing barge.</p><br>
<p>The creek at Sunny Bay flowed only during the wet season, so a small pumping station was established further south at the creek emptying into Browns Bay, pumping water through a narrow pipe along the foreshore to the camp at Sunny Bay and on to the Cape. A rough road was cut from Sunny Bay to False Cape, just above the foreshore, and the units one Blitz truck transported supplies and meals from the camp to the defence installations. A cutting was made for a small rail line which was used to winch supplies and equipment from the road and beach to the Battery Observation Post at the top of the ridge.</p><br>
<p>The defence installations at False Cape were concrete structures, comprising two gun emplacements, a battery observation post, and a main magazine which stored 400 rounds of 155mm ammunition for the two guns. Ready ammunition was housed in smaller shell and cartridge magazines constructed as part of each gun emplacement. Duty personnel quarters, probably of timber construction, were erected adjacent to the battery observation post. An anti-aircraft gun was mounted above the main magazine and No.2 gun emplacement. All of these installations were camouflaged with netting.</p><br>
<p>Staff in a typical Battery Observation Post measured bearing and range to the target. This information was plotted on a plotting table, which converted target data into gun data of azimuth and elevation, which in turn was called continuously to the sight setters on the guns. The standard rangefinder used was a vertical base rangefinder, whose effective range depended upon the height above sea level. For the rangefinder to be useful to the maximum range of the guns, it was necessary for it to be mounted as high as possible above sea level. The topography of False Cape favoured a vertical base rangefinder, set high on the ridge behind the gun emplacements.</p><br>
<p>Supporting H Battery at False Cape was the 105 Coastal Artillery Searchlight Section, comprising about 13 men of the Royal Australian Engineers. They operated two 150 cm Sperry searchlights with petrol driven electric generation, one of which may have been located near the jetty at Sunny Bay, and the other on the eastern side of the cape. In September 1943 an advance party of the 64th Anti-Aircraft Searchlight Company set up 12 searchlight stations in and around Cairns, and it is possible one of these was located at False Cape. Coastal defence batteries were usually supported also by light machine gun and anti-aircraft positions for local and air defence.</p><br>
<p>In December 1943 the Royal Australian Navy established a Port War Signal Station at False Cape, shifting personnel from the war signal station at Archer Point, which was closed down early in December. They may have shared the observation post with the army, as at Magnetic Island, although a 1944 plan of the area indicates navy accommodation in a separate structure at the crest of the hill. The signal station closed at the end of June 1945, following the movement of the Australian Army south.</p><br>
<p>H Australian Heavy Battery remained at False Cape until February/March 1944, when they were moved to Townsville. They were replaced by S Battery, which had been formed in Sydney in September 1943, trained in Brisbane, then moved to False Cape in late February 1944. In August 1944 this unit was re-organised as Coastal Artillery Cairns, and is thought to have remained at False Cape until the cessation of hostilities in the Pacific in August 1945. The guns and searchlights are understood to have been removed at this time.</p><br>
<p>After the war the timber camp structures and the water pipeline and pumping equipment from Brown&#39;s Bay were sold to nearby Yarrabah Mission for removal. All that remained of the camp at Sunny Bay were the concrete slabs on which the timber buildings had been erected. In the late 1940s, fishermen erected small huts on a number of these.</p><br>
<p>In 1946, 298 acres at False Cape was acquired formally by the Australian Government, anticipating that a coastal defence facility might be maintained here after the war. This area comprised the 250 acres formerly declared a Reserve for Pilot Station by the Queensland Government, part of a recreation reserve to the south of this, and about 12 acres of the Yarrabah reserve, gazetted a Reserve for the Aboriginal Inhabitants of the Colony in 1892, and extended to include this area in 1935. However, in 1947 the land was declared surplus to army requirements, and leased to private enterprise, including a tourist operator in the 1950s. No tourist facilities eventuated, but in the post-war year Sunny Bay and False Cape once again became popular as a recreational venue. A number of small weekend/fishermen&#39;s shacks were erected in the area, and the remains of a more substantial, stone-walled s or 1960s weekender survive on the beach at Sunny Bay. Title to the site was transferred from the Australian Government to private ownership in 1969.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>False Cape is situated at the entrance to Cairns Harbour and overlooking Grafton Passage, 9.5 km NNE of the city as the crow flies, but 40 km from Cairns by road.</p><br>
<p>Structural elements of the coastal artillery battery and support base remain. These comprise:</p><br>
<h3>Upper and Lower Gun Emplacements</h3><br>
<p>The gun emplacements are symmetrical, single-storeyed structures of off-form concrete, waffle slab roof supported on three columns with earth fill on top, Australian-designed circular recoil pit with central pad and outlying rail for gun carriage traverse, side magazines of concrete and concrete block construction. Camouflage net pivot points are extant, and doors remain on the lower emplacement magazines. The robust off-form concrete construction is unlike the two-storeyed coastal battery gun emplacements of Moreton Bay, where timber as well as concrete was used structurally.</p><br>
<h3>Battery Observation Post</h3><br>
<p>Situated on the high ridge above the gun emplacements, the battery observation post is a two-level structure built of off-form concrete, to house the range finder and the command post. External timber stairs survive, and rooftop fittings that formerly carried a camouflage netted structure. The upper level contains original timber joinery to observation slit and doorway and four intact concrete mounting blocks, possibly for a vertical rangefinder. The lower level comprises one large room with steel-reinforced concrete support beam and pillar beneath the mounting blocks in the upper level. Both levels contain evidence of a later interior fitout as residential accommodation.</p><br>
<h3>Main Magazine</h3><br>
<p>The main magazine was constructed of off-form concrete, with a corridor around three sides of two rooms that are built against the side of the hill. Markings remain of the storage racks that held ammunition for the guns.</p><br>
<h3>Machine gun position</h3><br>
<p>An anti-aircraft gun mount is located above the main magazine, and comprises a vertically mounted length of steel pipe with flanges at each end. This is thought to be the only anti- aircraft gun mount remaining at a Second World War coastal battery in Queensland.</p><br>
<h3>Signal Station</h3><br>
<p>A steel ring in a concrete slab may have anchored the signal mast of the Port War Signal Station erected at False Cape by the Navy.</p><br>
<h3>Winch area and cutting</h3><br>
<p>There is evidence on the foreshore on the western side of the Cape, below the Battery Observation Post (BOP), of a concrete and rock pathway leading from the road down to the water, where 1940s photographs show a rock jetty in this position. A rusted gearbox lying beside this pathway may be that used in the winch. Above the road is the cutting (somewhat overgrown) where a rail line was laid to winch equipment and supplies from the road and the beach to the Battery Observation Post high on the hill. At the top of the cutting, to the side of the BOP, is a concrete slab which may have been associated with the rail wagon and winch area.</p><br>
<p>Base end station – a concrete platform resting on a stone and concrete foundation, is all that remains of the base end station on the eastern side of False Cape.</p><br>
<h3>Rock with platform at Sunny Bay</h3><br>
<p>Situated at the north end of Sunny Bay, on the beach, is a large granite rock on which a concrete platform has been constructed. Recessed edges on the platform indicate that it once supported walls.</p><br>
<h3>Road and Camp Site</h3><br>
<p>Approximately 500 yards south of the defence installations on False Cape there is remnant evidence of the camp site at Sunny Bay that accommodated the coastal artillery, searchlight, anti-aircraft, and naval signal units involved in port defence. The road from the camp to the defence installation is still trafficable, with a concrete culvert where it crosses over the intermittent freshwater stream at Sunny Bay. There is a concrete rainwater tank on the ridge midway between the former camp site and the Cape. The cleared area of the camp site is now overgrown with secondary growth, but several concrete slabs which formerly supported walls survive, and there may be others yet to be identified. Three timber stumps in the foreshore at Sunny Bay are remnants of the timber jetty which once extended into the bay.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>False Cape Battery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 18 April 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The battery is important historically as the principal coastal defence for the port of Cairns, which served as a major trans-shipping port for Australian and United States armed services supplies and troop movements as the war with Japan moved into the Coral Sea and then north to New Guinea in the early 1940s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>It is thought to be the last surviving Second World War complex in the immediate Cairns region, and is important in illustrating Australia&#39;s role in building coastal defence installations during the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>It also has the potential to yield further information about the relationship between the equally important components of this coastal battery complex, including the defence installations (battery observation post, gun emplacements, magazine and other remnant elements), the supporting base camp at Sunny Bay, and infrastructure such as the road, jetty remnants, and winch area and cutting.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates some of the principal characteristics of a Second World War coastal battery in Queensland, but with distinctive local design and construction of gun emplacements to accommodate US-provided equipment, and the siting of the elements of the complex contribute to an understanding of how the coastal defence battery was designed to operate.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The whole of the area has an aesthetic value, and the defence installations in particular have landmark quality.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association for the local community, not just as a recreational venue for over 120 years, but also for its association with the Second World War, which had a significant impact on Cairns and district.</p><br>
<p>Hall Land is a peninsula in far northwestern Greenland. It is a part of the Qaasuitsup municipality. Hall Land is one of the coldest places in Greenland.</p><br>
<p>The last live caribou reported from Northern Greenland were seen in Hall Land in 1922. They were most likely Peary caribou that had strayed across the channel from Ellesmere Island.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Hall Land is located to the northeast of Daugaard-Jensen Land and the southwest of Nyeboe Land. It is surrounded to the north by the Robeson Channel of the Nares Strait and to the east by the Newman Bay. Hall Basin, the Petermann Fjord and the Petermann Glacier mark the western limits of Hall Land. To the south and southeast the peninsula is attached to the mainland and its ice cap.</p><br>
<p>The unglaciated Polaris Foreland lies in the northernmost part of Hall Land beyond the Haug Range. 1,094 m high Kayser Mountain, the highest elevation of the peninsula, is located at the northeastern end of the range.</p><br>
<p>The Cairns Chinatown Building is a heritage-listed commercial building at 99 Grafton Street, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to and is one of the last remaining buildings from the Cairns Chinatown. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 May 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>It is likely that the building at 99 Grafton Street, Cairns was constructed in the late nineteenth century or early twentieth century. The existing building was constructed of handmade bricks and divided into two shops with multiple gabled roof of differing heights. At the time of construction the building formed part of a much larger group of buildings which became known as Cairns Chinatown. At that time it was Lot 2, Allotment 18, Section 27, Sachs Street which has been changed to Grafton Street and in now situated on Lot 2 RP721943.</p><br>
<p>One of the first Chinese businesses in Cairns was established in Abbott Street by Mr Andrew Leon (Leong Chong) soon after his arrival in 1876. In 1881 Andrew Leon and 100 other Chinese businessmen formed a co-operative of shareholders to cultivate a selection known as Portion 52, owned by Leon. This was the first large scale sugar cultivation in far north Queensland. The mill, known as "Pioneer", was opened in August 1881 in a large event attracting many stakeholders and official guests. The mill and its assets were sold in 1886 and Andrew Leon concentrated his business interests in Sachs Street, Cairns (renamed Grafton Street in the 1930&#39;s). Andrew Leon was an innovative agriculturalist and businessman who represented the Cairns Chinese community on official occasions, presenting welcome addresses from the Chinese community, acted as an interpreter in court, and provided the means for preserving cultural linkages as one of the principle trustees for the Lit Sung Goong Temple.</p><br>
<p>The growing agricultural industry in the Cairns region supported a large number of Chinese in industries such as market gardening and shop keeping. In 1886 the Chinese population of Cairns accounted for 60% of all farmers and 90% of all market gardeners, and Sachs Street was recognized as a focus for Chinese activities. Chinese businesses in Sachs Street included boarding houses, gaming houses, opium dens and merchant stores.</p><br>
<p>Ten years after arriving in Cairns, Andrew Leon purchased allotment 18 Section 27 off Robert Philp in 1886. The allotment was subdivided into two allotments and the Lit Sung Goong Temple was constructed.</p><br>
<p>In 1892 Andrew Leon took out a substantial mortgage with the Queensland National Bank for £200 (and further advances) on Lot 2 Allotment 18. The next year four shops were noted for the first time in the Cairns Municipal Rates Book on Lot 2, Allotment 18. A Chinese bricklayer Lee Bat was noted by The Cairns Post in October 1896 as working in the district and the Cairns Argus noted that the Temple on Lot 1 had a great brick oven.</p><br>
<p>Andrew Leon leased the property to merchants Lee Yan Kee, a consortium of four brothers. One of the brothers Lee Yan, brought his wife and a child servant from China in 1895 and they are the first Chinese women to arrive directly from China to live in Chinatown. They then lived behind the adjoining timber building until 1902.</p><br>
<p>In late 1902 Andrew Leon took out another loan for £200, this time with the Bank of North Queensland. Two shops on the site were subleased to a Chinese man and a Japanese prostitute O&#39;Kunato in 1903. This was the beginning of a long association with the property being used to house women who worked as prostitutes. Three Japanese women worked at different periods from the shop until 1922; after which European women then took up the tenancy. They lived and worked in either one or both sides of the building for the next forty-four years. In 1922, the last of the Japanese women tenants, Osangi, left the shops. In her place, Mrs Miller took up residence and she lived and worked there under the euphemism of "domestic duties" for the next ten years.</p><br>
<p>In October 1908 Andrew Leon entered an arrangement with Goon Chew who had placed a caveat over the land until it was purchased by another leading merchant Willie Ming in 1911. When he purchased it he also took over Andrew Leon&#39;s mortgage. The place was resold in 1914 to Neils Schmidt who died not long after and it passed to his beneficiaries who owned the property until mid 1925. The property was then bought by Frank Lee Chin (See Chin) in a private agreement because he took out a loan with the previous European owners. He was a wealthy sugar cane farmer in the district.</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s Sachs Street was renamed Grafton Street through the efforts of the city&#39;s alderman to clean up the image of the area. In 1932 Frank See Chin, sold the property to John Hasting Reed. Chinese shopkeepers and women tenants continued to live in the building until the Second World War. After the Second World War the shops were utilised commercially in the same way as the rest of the Cairns central business district.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950s the Deeb brothers bought 99 Grafton Street and minimal changes were made during this time. The addition to the parapet may have been constructed during this period.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1960s the northern shop was occupied by a self-service Laundromat and the southern shop by an electrical repair shop.</p><br>
<p>In the 1970s the northern building was rented by Andronicos Stylianou who operated a successful barber shop from the premises for thirty years. At the time he was to move in the owners were required by the Cairns City Council to replace a timber stud frame wall with horizontal boarding. This wall had windows which were removed at the same time. This was replaced with cement block wall with window openings and louvres in the block wall with metal frames. At the time, the roof ceiling was supported and the corrugated roof replaced. While he built an internal wall to assist business operations, this was later removed after he had left.</p><br>
<p>Later a second hand bookshop operated by Ruths Womens Shelter later occupied the northern shop, while the southern shop was occupied by Fish Tales Silks.</p><br>
<p>Since 1997, the property has been occupied by Fetta&#39;s Greek Taverna.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>99 Grafton St, Cairns is located on the western side of Grafton Street, between Shields Street and Spence Street. The building is constructed of hand made brick and divided into two shops. The hand made bricks are irregular in size, bright red and indicate clay high in iron. They are wood-fired and some bricks display variations of colour within the brick indicating uneven firing temperatures. There are also kiss marks present on some of the bricks where they have been stacked close together. The bricks themselves display the use of river sand in the clay and occasional largish fragments of stone. On the outside of some the bricks a definite pattern of fabric similar to canvas or cotton drill is imprinted indicating that the bricks were laid out on canvas or cloth sheeting, rather than on a Hack Barrow. Some have marks like trowel marks, others have scrape marks and some evidence of hand and finger marks usually made when the brick is handled when soft. There are also plug joins on some bricks where two different plugs of clay have been placed into the mould during the molding process and signs of damage from being handled or dropped before drying. The bricks are laid in a variation of English garden wall bond also known as Colonial bond. They are not second hand and are not consistent with the size or scale of modern brick making techniques. They are more consistent with an earlier period before the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The bricks are not laid by an expert bricklayer which is indicated by an irregular variation of the header courses from 4 rows apart to 12 between the stretcher rows. The mortar is quite hard and struck in the same way consistent with a building in Abbott Street built the late 1880s. The southern wall runs back from the front to the back past the main roof at a similar height but becomes a parapet end to the skillion roof. The hand made bricks are in all brick elevations, the side rear and front of the shops and in the parapet section over the skillion at the back. The place shows an early construction method with the wall top plate for the roof tied down with hoop iron straps which come down from the outside and are built into the mortar course two brick courses down.</p><br>
<p>The shop front has a wide awning that extends out over the footpath. Two doors fronting Grafton Street, which are set off centre, provide access to each shop. Next to each door is a large display window. The front window on the southern shop has been replaced with a window incorporating louvres but the northern shop moulded outer timber window frame remains original but has been modified from four panes to a single pane. Above each door is another smaller window, possibly originally a hopper. A brick parapet was made prior to 1927 and the mid section of the parapet raised at the front sometime after. There are 2 steeply pitched corrugated iron gabled roofs over each shop, of uniform height. The gabled roof on the northern shop has remained the same but the southern shop has been altered to a similar pitch. There is patchy flat metal flashing against the parapet. The rear skillion and framing is old and slightly bowed.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the shops incorporate a timber ceiling at an approximate height of 11 ft or 3360 mm and is made out pine of ex-6 inch beaded tongue in groove boards. The shops are each divided into two sections, the main commercial area of the shop in the front and a smaller back room large enough for storage, a small kitchenette or small bedroom. In the northern shop there is evidence of the use of wide boards for lining in the back room. Some sections of internal lining have been removed due to termite damage and remaining boards also show damage. In the back portion of the northern shop a timber stud frame is lined with more modern sheet lining panels. This covers some of the walls and the ceiling. The southern shop shows signs it was once divided into three rooms and the lining is not original. The building has a concrete floor that is roughly laid in irregular sized sections. At the back of the shop a low door leads out to a garden. Between the floor and the door a concrete lip has been built.</p><br>
<p>Two small timber framed windows with a wrought iron lintel are visible on the southern wall of the southern shop. The sill appears to be constructed of rendered brick and is consistent with other places constructed pre-1900 around Cairns. Metal bars cover the window, which are not considered part of the original structure. The double hung sash windows are constructed of Silky Oak.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cairns Chinatown Building was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 May 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queenslands history, in particular the building reflects Queenslands early multicultural society, specifically the important role of early Chinese settlers in the development of commercial activity in the Cairns region.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The building is important in demonstrating rare and uncommon aspects of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage. Together with the building at 55 Grafton Street, the former Sun Wo Tiy building, they are thought to be the last remaining structures directly associated with the former Cairns Chinatown. 99 Grafton Street is a rare surviving example of Queensland Chinese cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building has the potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history. The building has undergone modification and elements of the original style may still exist underneath new additions. The bricks used to construct the building could provide additional information on early bricks and brickmaking techniques in Queensland. Sub-surface archaeological deposits, including Chinese artifacts, are expected on the allotment.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The building has a strong or special association with a particular cultural group for social, cultural and spiritual reasons. As the last remaining small commercial building of the former Cairns Chinatown, the Cairns Chinese Community have expressed a strong association with the place as it represents a tangible link to the activities of the former Chinese community who lived and worked there. Many residents have direct family ties to these early Chinese settlers.</p><br>
<p>The Cairns Chinese community occupied Cairns Chinatown primarily from the 1880s to the 1950s, however the Chinese connection with this portion of Grafton Street has in many ways never been broken. Today, the office of the Cairns and District Chinese Association Inc. is located at 103a Grafton Street.</p><br>
<p>Hides Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at 87 Lake Street, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Sydenham Stanley Oxenham and built in 1928 by Michael Thomas Garvey. It is also known as Hides Cairns Hotel. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>This three-storeyed, reinforced concrete hotel was constructed in two stages, 1928 and by, for the OHara family, well known Cairns publicans. It was erected adjacent to an earlier Hides Cairns Hotel, and for nearly four decades the two buildings functioned together as Hides&#39; Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The earlier hotel, a substantial, 20 bedroom, two-storeyed timber building with double front verandahs and an observation tower, was erected in 1885 by Townsville contractors Hinton & Co., for publicans George Parker Hides and Duncan McColl, who also were in partnership in the Royal Hotel at Herberton. Their Cairns Hotel was located in Lake Street, adjacent to the site of the present Hides Hotel, on land owned by Dr Edward Albert Koch, and let to Hides and McColl on a building lease. It was erected during the second wave of building activity in Cairns (the first being the 1876-77 establishment of the settlement), following Cairnss designation in 1885 as the destination of the Tablelands rail link to the interior goldfields, and its proclamation as a municipality (Borough of Cairns) in the same year. The hotel was renovated, and by 1899 a substantial, two-storeyed timber wing had been constructed at the rear, and the accommodation had been extended to 32 bedrooms.</p><br>
<p>With the construction of the Cairns Hotel, Hides and McColl pioneered Lake Street as a commercial address. The hotel also played a significant role in the early commercial and social life of Cairns, catering for commercial travellers as well as local trade. Meetings to establish a Cairns School of Arts and a Masonic Lodge were held at the hotel in November 1885, and the Cairns Chamber of Commerce held its inaugural meeting there on 13 May 1886.</p><br>
<p>McColl held the first license for the Cairns Hotel, but this was transferred in mid-1888 to Hides. Following Hides death in 1895, his widow, Elizabeth Moir Hides, retained the Cairns Hotel license for many years, and purchased the hotel site from Dr Koch in 1899. In 1900-01 she also acquired the adjoining allotment on the corner of Lake and Shields Streets, on which the present Hides Hotel stands. A single-storeyed timber shop on this site was demolished and replaced by the hotel garden. In 1925, both sites were transferred to O&#39;Hara Limited.</p><br>
<p>A third period of intensive building activity in Cairns took place in the 1920s, associated with the expansion of the town as the port servicing the new soldier settlements inland; the upgrading to City status in 1923; the establishment of Cairns in 1924 as the terminus of the North Coast railway from Brisbane; and the reconstruction following extensive cyclone damage to the Cairns central business district in the early and mid-1920s.</p><br>
<p>The foundation stone of the new Hides Cairns Hotel was laid by Denis OHara Junior on 16 May 1928. The building, estimated to cost approximately £30,000, was designed by Cairns architect Sydenham Stanley Oxenham, and was erected by Toowoomba and Cairns contractor Michael Thomas Garvey. Local North Queensland timbers were used throughout. At the time of construction, it was one of the largest buildings in Cairns, and was one of only two three-storeyed structures in the city, the other being Bolands store at the corner of Lake and Spence Streets. The original scheme was for a frontage of 120 feet to Shields Street, but the 1928 building extended only 87 feet along Shields Street. By, the original concept was completed, with the addition of two shops at ground level and two levels of bedrooms above, along Shields Street. In the 1930s, the new Hides Cairns Hotel was pre-eminent amongst Cairns hotels, catering largely to visitors and Cairns "society".</p><br>
<p>The O&#39;Hara family retained the property until 1946, when it was transferred to Burns Philp & Company Ltd, who held the title until 1976. Alterations to the ground floor of the hotel were made in 1967, (at which time also the first Cairns Hotel was demolished and replaced with a motel wing), and again in 1976, when the two shops facing Shields Street were converted to a bar. The motel does not form part of the listing in the Queensland Heritage Register.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Hides Hotel, located on the southern corner of Lake and Shields Streets, is a three-storeyed, rendered reinforced concrete structure with a U-shaped hipped corrugated iron roof concealed behind a parapet wall. The roof surrounds a central lightshaft to the two upper floors, which does not extend to the ground floor, and has a raised lift motor room at the eastern end. A single-storeyed kitchen is attached at the rear.</p><br>
<p>The building has a wide first floor timber verandah to both street frontages, with wide batten balustrade, hardboard panelled ceiling and a corrugated iron skillion awning.</p><br>
<p>The ground floor facade has been altered, with a pebble render finish to the walls and non-original window and door units, some of which are in the original openings. The first floor has timber framed, multi-paned doors with fanlights, most of which have air conditioning units inserted, opening onto the verandah.</p><br>
<p>The second floor has aluminium framed hopper windows in original arched openings which are framed by rendered mouldings and pilasters. The Lake Street elevation has the words HIDES CAIRNS HOTEL along the parapet, and a slightly recessed central bay with a balcony, rendered balustrade and a central flagpole on a rendered scrolled base at the parapet. The Shields Street elevation is less symmetrical, with two slightly recessed bays, the eastern one having a balcony with a rendered balustrade and a flagpole on a rendered scrolled base at the parapet. All windows have rounded pressed metal hoods with square bases.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building retains the original lift and a timber staircase with cross-braced balustrade. The original office and reception area, Public Bar and toilets on the ground floor have been altered, and the Shields Street shops have been converted into a bar area, but many of the original plastered ceilings and a section of herringbone parquet flooring in the dining room remain intact. Air conditioning ducting has been inserted throughout. The first floor lounge has plastered columns with a coffered plastered ceiling, but the timber skirtings have been removed. Some bedrooms have been converted into ensuite bathrooms.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Hides Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Hides Hotel, Cairns, constructed 1928-, is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queenslands history, being associated with the third phase of Cairns development: its growth as the principal city of far North Queensland in the interwar years.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a substantial, first-class, three-storeyed, inter-war masonry hotel in Cairns, which retains a high degree of intactness and has functioned as a hotel for over 7 decades.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place exhibits a range of aesthetic characteristics valued by the Cairns community, in particular: the contribution of the building, through its siting, scale, form and material, to the streetscapes of Lake and Shields streets and to the Cairns townscape; the quality of surviving original interior finishes, including plaster work; and the wide timber verandahs.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It has a special association for the Cairns community, with a Hides&#39; Hotel being part of the social fabric of Cairns since 1885.</p><br>
<p>The Knox County Courthouse is located at 62 Union Street in downtown Rockland, the county seat of Knox County, Maine. The oldest portion of the courthouse was designed by Gridley James Fox Bryant and was built in 1874. A prominent local example of Italianate architecture, it has been the county&#39;s seat of operations since its construction. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Knox County Courthouse stands on the west side of downtown Rockland, occupying most of a city block bounded by Union, Masonic, High, and Limerock Streets. It is a roughly U-shaped building, three stories in height. Most of the building is a modern steel-framed structure, its exterior finished in brick. The original 1874 courthouse forms the northeastern leg of the U. It is three stories in height, set on a high granite foundation. Its main entrance is accessed via a flight of granite stairs, and is sheltered by a rectangular porch supported by round stone Doric columns and square pilasters. The porch is capped by a balustrade with urned posts. The windows on the first two floors are set in ornate round-arch and segmented-arch openings.</p><br>
<p>Knox County was separated from adjacent Lincoln County in 1860, with Rockland as its county seat. County offices were in the early years dispersed in a commercial buildings, and were eventually centralized into a single building. This being judged inadequate, the county in 1874 retained Boston architect Gridley James Fox Bryant to design the present building. Gridley was assisted by Lewis P. Rogers, also a Boston architect. The building was constructed at a cost of $83,000, well over the anticipated $50,000 cost, and opened for business in 1875. The modern addition to the rear and side were built in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The Former Augusta City Hall is located at 1 Cony Street in Augusta, Maine. Built in 1895-96, it is a well-preserved local example of civic Renaissance Revival architecture, and served as Augusta&#39;s city hall until 1987. The building, now an assisted living facility called The Inn At City Hall, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1997.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Augusta&#39;s former city hall is located on the north side of Cony Street, with the Kennebec River to the west and Fort Western, a National Historic Landmark, to the south. The current city hall is located just east of Fort Western. It is a two story brick building, covered with a hip roof. The main facade, facing south toward Cony Street, is five bays wide, the outer bays projecting slightly. The center three bays have paired sash windows on the upper level, topped by transom windows and half-round fixed windows, and are flanked by pilasters. The outer bays have a similar arrangement of windows, except the top window is rectangular, and there are no pilasters. The corners of the projecting sections have brick quoins. The main entrance is framed by Ionic round stone columns and square pilasters, and is topped by a corniced entablature bearing the inscription "City Hall".</p><br>
<p>The city of Augusta was incorporate as a town (from Hallowell) in 1797, and was reincorporated as a city in 1849. Its early city offices were in the Opera House, and meetings took place in Winthrop Hall. This building was commissioned in 1895 and completed the following year; it was designed by Boston, Massachusetts architect John C. Spofford. In addition to municipal functions, its upper-level hall was also used for performances, notably by John Philip Sousa in 1897. The city vacated the building in 1987 for its new offices to the southeast. With its fate uncertain, the city voted to retain and rehabilitate the structure. It has been adapted for use as an assisted living facility.</p><br>
<p>The Carl and Esther Lee House is a historic house at 17493 United States Route 65 West in Damascus, Arkansas. It is a 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a stone veneer exterior and cream-colored brick trim. The front facade has projecting gable sections, with a porch sheltered by one such section with curved-arch openings. The larger gables have sunburst brick designs near their peaks. The house was built about 1948; the exterior stonework was done by Silas Owens, Sr., a regionally prominent stone mason. The house exhibits many of Owens&#39;s hallmarks, including the use of cream-colored brick, herringbone-patterned stonework, and arched openings.</p><br>
<p>The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<p>The Eustis Estate is a historic family estate on Canton Avenue in Milton, Massachusetts. Its centerpiece is the mansion house of William Ellery Channing Eustis, an eclectic Late Victorian stone building constructed in 1878. The estate also includes several other houses associated with the Eustis family, and a gatehouse and stable historically associated with the main estate. The estate was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district in 2016. Most of the original estate is owned by Historic New England, and was opened to the public as a museum property in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Eustis Estate occupies 110 acre of uplands in a rural-residential area of Milton, and abuts the Blue Hills Reservation at its rear. 80 acre of the estate are protected by conservation easements. It is located on the southeast side of Canton Avenue, just east of its junction with Dollar Lane. Set close to Canton Avenue are two houses, one of which is a 1950 ranch house that is not historically significant, but stands on land subdivided from the estate in the 1940s. The other is a three-story wood frame house, built in Hyde Park by Frederick A Eustis II in the 1890s and moved to this location in 1910. Standing across the street from each other are a stable and gatehouse, both built out of uncoursed stone. These were designed by William Ellery Channing Eustis and built in the late 19th century; the stable is now in separate ownership and has been converted to residential use.</p><br>
<p>The main house stands well back from the road, and is now accessed via a drive located south of the gatehouse. It is a three-story masonry structure, exhibiting an eclectic mix of stylistic elements from popular late-19th century styles. It is built out of local stone, with accents of red and yellow brick, and is covered by a red tile roof. It has a porte-cochere with Romanesque arches, and numerous gables and projecting sections that are typical of the Queen Anne style. Its roof is pierced by six chimneys, which exhibit multi-colored bands of brickwork. The house was built in 1878 to a design by Milton architect William Randolph Emerson.</p><br>
<p>The estate was developed beginning in 1878 by William Ellery Channing Eustis, whose family had long owned land in the area, augmented by land acquired through the family of his second wife, Edith Hemenway, who was heir to a mercantile fortune. The estate house remained in the family until it was sold in 2012 to Historic New England (HNE), a regional architectural historic preservation organization. HNE has also acquired the Frederick Lothrop II House.</p><br>
<p>Mullach Fraoch-choire is a 1,102 m mountain – a Munro – in the Northwest Highlands of Scotland on a ridge extending north for 8 km between Loch Cluanie in Glenmoriston and upper Glen Affric. It is within the Glen Affric National Scenic Area and Glen Affric National Nature Reserve.</p><br>
<h2>Geographical situation</h2><br>
<p>Mullach Fraoch-choire is located south of upper Glen Affric and north of Loch Cluanie at the head of Glenmoriston as the valley continues west to become Glen Shiel and Kintail. The mountain is one of the four Munros on the "Cluanie Horseshoe", a crescent of high peaks which also includes nine Munro Tops. It lies on the western arm of the horseshoe which loops around Gleann na Ciche whose burns flow north to the River Affric. West of the horseshoe is a deep glen connecting Cluanie and Affric – south of its watershed is An Caorran Mor with its stream flowing south to Loch Cluanie while to the north Allt a Chomhlain flows north to the River Affric. Mullach Fraoch-choire has a subsidiary Top on its northeast ridge at 1,047 m. Somewhat beyond the lowest col on its south ridge is Stob Coire na Chràlaig at 1,008 m which is regarded as a subsidiary peak of A Chràlaig although it is more distant from the latter peak.</p><br>
<h2>Walking routes</h2><br>
<p>From the north the mountain may be climbed from the very remote Glen Affric Youth Hostel at Alltbeithe or, from the south, from near Cluanie Inn on the A87 beside Loch Cluanie. The horseshoe is most conveniently traversed starting from Glen Affric but the nearest public road to the youth hostel is, in fact, by Loch Cluanie.</p><br>
<p>From Cluanie a frequently-used route climbs A&#39; Chràlaig first and then traverses the ridge north from there. This involves something of a scramble around several pinnacles with steep drops on both sides – to Coire na Geurdain on the east and Coire Odhar on the west. The last half-kilometre of the ridge before reaching Mullach Fraoch-Choire is spectacularly narrow and in winter it becomes a Scottish Grade I climb. A return may be made by using the outward route or by descending Coire Odhar from the col near Stob Coire na Chràlaig.</p><br>
<p>Dr EA Koch Memorial is a heritage-listed memorial at Abbot Street, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Melrose & Fenwick and built in 1903. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 May 1997.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The memorial to Dr Edward Albert Koch was erected in 1903 by the citizens of Cairns, to honour his work in tropical medicine in Cairns and district in the late 19th century. Dr Koch was for many years in charge of Cairns hospital and had his own practice in the town. Skill and kindness made him a revered figure in the local community.</p><br>
<p>EA Koch was born in Altona, Holstein in Germany in 1843. He studied medicine at Kiel University and received his degree in Berlin in 1870, the year of the German invasion of France. Koch was obliged to join the army, where he worked as a medical officer. Subsequent to the Franco-Prussian war he appears to have worked in German surgical departments prior to taking a position as Surgeon Superintendent on a German emigrant ship to Queensland in mid-1877. Koch accepted at least two similar positions on German and British immigrant ships to Queensland and New South Wales 1877-1879. In January 1879 he was granted a first-class certificate to practice medicine by the Queensland Government, and in April 1882 he took the Oath of Allegiance in Cairns, where it appears he was in private practice. He was appointed as a medical officer at Cairns Hospital in July 1882, and in April 1884 he also was appointed Health Officer at Cairns, taking over the running of the hospital.</p><br>
<p>As well as his job as a medical and health officer, from September 1896 Dr Koch was appointed surgeon to the Queensland Military Defence Forces Naval Brigade at Cairns, and in September 1897 accepted the position of visiting surgeon to Cairns prison. Both these positions were unpaid. He appears to have remained in these positions until his death on 28 June 1901.</p><br>
<p>Dr Koch gained prominence locally for his medical skills, kindly disposition, and humanitarian work amongst Cairns families. Of particular importance for far north Queensland was his understanding and successful treatment of tropical fevers, notably malaria. "Fever" - usually malaria or typhoid - became endemic in far north Queensland during the 1880s, especially on the mining fields, in the railway construction camps, and on the sugar plantations. Diagnosis was largely the result of observation and deduction, and treatment was empirical. When the fever was malaria, quinine was used to good effect. When typhoid, and quinine did not prove as effective, the diagnosis was often "prolonged or continued climatic fever". More complicated fevers were sometimes described as typho-malaria.</p><br>
<p>In the 1880s Dr Koch was among the first to understand the role of the mosquito as the carrier of the malaria parasite. Not until 1897 did Major Surgeon Ronald Ross prove by scientific experiment the role of the mosquito anopheles farauti (indigenous to Cairns and all of north Queensland from Townsville northwards) in the transmission of malaria, and it was not until 1904 that RA OBrien, who practised medicine in Cairns 1904-08, for the first time demonstrated malaria parasites microscopically in North Queensland. Koch patented a fever mixture consisting of quinine dissolved in diluted sulphuric acid, designed both to treat malaria and to be used as a suppressive. Dr Kochs Celebrated Fever Mixture for Malaria, prepared by a Cairns chemist, proved highly effective. It was marketed throughout the far north of Queensland and in Papua New Guinea, and is credited with containing the endemic malaria existing in Cairns prior to the Second World War.</p><br>
<p>Besides formulating the fever mixture, he urged preventative measures, and regularly visited the gangs of workmen engaged in filling the swamps around Cairns, to urge them to roll down their shirt sleeves from 4pm onwards each day. He also visited fortnightly the Hambledon and Pyramid sugar plantations outside Cairns, which were run with South Sea Islands labour.</p><br>
<p>Dr Koch died on 28 June 1901, aged 57 years, at his residence on the Esplanade at Cairns, and was interred in the McLeod Street Pioneer Cemetery the following day.</p><br>
<p>To honour the memory of their esteemed physician, a public subscription was raised in Cairns to fund a memorial which would be not only aesthetically pleasing, but functional, and Messrs Melrose and Fenwick of Townsville were commissioned to design a memorial in the form of a drinking fountain. As it was to be located in the centre of the intersection of Abbott and Spence Streets in the heart of the town, a gas lamp was placed on its top.</p><br>
<p>When completed, the memorial stood 14 feet high, with a dome supported by four worked marble columns, supported by a polished granite die. On two sides of the dome were sculptured likenesses of Dr Koch. The marble columns and sculptured work were imported from Carrara in Italy. The granite for the die and plinth came from Mount Elliot, near Townsville - that used for the die was polished to a mirror-like finish, while that of the plinth was "fine-axed".</p><br>
<p>The memorial was still in the Townsville workshops in late May 1903 but was in place at the intersection of Abbott and Spence Streets by 13 June 1903, when it was unveiled by Major-General Sir Herbert Chermside, the Governor of Queensland. By, the memorial also carried two street signs. By the late 1920s the single lamp and lamp base at the top of the dome had been replaced with a pair of gas street lamps suspended from a tall metal column. By the late 1940s, the lamps and lamp fitting at the top of the dome had been removed entirely. Photographic evidence suggests that the memorial remained in the centre of the intersection until at least the mid-1960s, but had been removed to nearby Anzac Memorial Park (bounded by Abbott and Spence Streets and the Esplanade), by the mid-1970s. It was relocated within this park following redevelopment of the reserve in the mid-1990s.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Dr EA Koch Memorial is located in Anzac Memorial Park, in the west corner of the park close to the intersection of Abbott and Spence Streets. It is set against the backdrop formed by The Reef Hotel Casino complex.</p><br>
<p>The memorial comprises a square, rough-finished granite plinth, on which rests a square polished granite base approximately 1 metre high, supporting four worked marble columns which in turn support a dome. On two sides of the dome are sculptured likenesses in Carrara marble of Dr Koch. On two faces of the polished granite base is the inscription:Erected by citizens of Cairns and District to the memory of Dr Koch 1901.Above the dome is a recent lamp fitting and lamp approximating the original.</p><br>
<p>The whole is surrounded by red concrete-block paving.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Dr EA Koch Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 27 May 1997 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>This memorial immortalises the work of pioneering Cairns doctor Edward Albert Koch, in particular his treatment of malaria and early recognition of the role played by mosquitoes in transmitting the disease. Dr Koch&#39;s fever remedy and preventative measures played a significant role in controlling endemic malaria in far North Queensland in the late 19th century and first half of the 20th century.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The memorial also makes an aesthetic contribution to Anzac Memorial Park and to the streetscape at the intersection of Abbott and Spence Streets.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>It has a special association for the people of Cairns as physical evidence of the city&#39;s history and sense of identity.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Dr Koch was admired and respected by past generations, and the memorial survives as evidence of this.</p><br>
<p>The Gen. Cass and Belle Smith House, also known as the Smith-Jacobs House, is a historic dwelling located in Lake City, Iowa, United States. G.C. Smith was born in Lake City in 1861, and his parents Peter and Sarah were pioneer settlers here. He was a local businessman who married Lottie Belle Huff in Lake City. They had this 2½-story, brick, Queen Anne house built in 1901. John W. and Bertha Jacobs bought the house from the Smiths in 1913. He was a local attorney and politician. They lived in the house into the mid-1960s. The house was designed by a Racine, Wisconsin architect whose last name was Flagel. The high degree of integrity makes it significant. The asymmetrical, cross-gable structure has a prominent porch on the southeast corner. Between the first and second floors is a beltcourse of rough brick, and there is a bracketed cornice at the roofline. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>The Smith Farmhouse, also known as the Smith Homestead Farmhouse, is a historic dwelling located in Lake City, Iowa, United States. This house&#39;s significance is due to its association with the pioneer Smith family. Peter and Sarah Smith and their four young sons settled here from Cass County, Michigan in 1855. Their first two houses were built on the same property to the north of this one. Their first house and barn were log structures, and their second was frame construction. What is now known as Lake City was chosen as the county seat for Calhoun County because it was the area with the highest population.  Smith donated 40 acre of land for the town.</p><br>
<p>Peter and two of his sons opened a general store in town in 1871, and he and his wife moved into Lake City at that time. His son James took over the farming for his parents until 1874. He moved to another farm east of Lake City at that time, but Peter continued to own this property until his death in 1899. It is not known who built this Italianate style brick house in 1877, or lived here until 1890. In March of that year, Peters third son Clark moved into the house. Peter and Sarah had relocated to Glidden, Iowa before 1875, where she died. He married a Lake City widow named Mary Orr, and they returned to Lake City in 1881. They eventually built a house on Main Street. Mary inherited the farm after Peters death, and she sold it to James. He lived here until 1921, when he sold it to the Hatfield&#39;s. The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<p>Cairns Customs House is a heritage-listed former customs house and now restaurant at 6A-8A Abbott Street, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Robert Henry Bowen and built from 1936 to 1937 by Watkins & Deal. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Cairns Customs House was erected in 1936-37 by the Australian Government through the Public Works branch of the Department of the Interior, largely as an employment-generating initiative during the Great Depression. It was the third customs house on the site.</p><br>
<p>The customs reserve at Cairns was the first land surveyed after proclamation of the port of Cairns on 1 November 1876. The reserve of just over 1.2 hectares included the whole of the land bounded by Abbott, Spence and Wharf Streets and the Esplanade.</p><br>
<p>By July 1877 the first customs buildings were completed at what was then known as Trinity Bay, but the site was not proclaimed a customs reserve (temporary) until 1886. The buildings faced the Esplanade, and included a customs house, bond store and the sub-collector of customs&#39; residence.</p><br>
<p>In 1889 a new, single-storeyed timber building with a frontage to Abbott Street replaced the first customs house, which was converted to a bond store. In the same year the site was proclaimed a permanent reserve for customs purposes.</p><br>
<p>As part of the Federation of Australia, the customs reserve became the property of the Australian Government, and was occupied by the Department of Trade & Customs. In 1905 it was subdivided into three allotments, two being revested with the state government. Allotment 2, with frontages to the Esplanade and Abbott Street, became customs reserve R.293. This site contained the 1889 customs house and a bond store (1876 customs house). The latter was extended in the early part of the twentieth century.</p><br>
<p>The present Customs House was constructed on the site during the large-scale interwar redevelopment of Cairns, in which the city centre was virtually rebuilt. This building boom was in part a consequence of severe cyclone damage suffered by the city in 1920 and 1927. Also it was a reflection of a developing economy sustained by the introduction of a post-1918 Soldier Settlement Scheme to the Atherton Tableland, and the opening of the North Coast rail link between Cairns and Brisbane in 1924. Cairns became the northern terminus of the coastal railway, and functioned as a service town for sugar, mining, maize, dairying, timber and fruit growing.</p><br>
<p>By the late 1930s, Cairns had become the third largest port in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Plans for a two-storeyed masonry customs building were prepared by architect Robert Henry Bowen of Commonwealth Public Works, Queensland, in 1936. The ground floor contained offices, and the upper floor provided residential accommodation for the sub-collector of customs. It was constructed in 1936-37 by local building contractors Watkins & Deal, at a cost of £8,500.</p><br>
<p>The building was erected on the same Abbott Street site as the preceding customs house, which was relocated to the backyard to provide temporary office accommodation while the new building was being constructed. The 1889 building was removed/demolished at a later date.</p><br>
<p>Plans for a new bond store on the site were prepared in mid-1939. The first customs house/bond store appears to have been removed to accommodate the new building, which was erected by 1941.</p><br>
<p>In 1970 the first floor residence in the customs house was vacated to accommodate increased office staff, and in 1989 the customs department removed to a new building in Aplin Street.</p><br>
<p>Between 1986 and 1991 the bond store was occupied by the Queensland Government&#39;s National Parks and Wildlife Service. The site was purchased by Suncorp in 1987.</p><br>
<p>In 1992, the Queensland Government called for submissions to build and operate a casino in Cairns on the site. The Cairns Customs House became part of the development of the The Reef Hotel Casino where it now operates as a Cafe China Noodle Bar, a Chinese restaurant.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former customs reserve occupies a 2,656 square metre site at the southern end of the city centre, with frontages to Abbott Street (the principal commercial axis) and the Esplanade. The main building of the The Reef Hotel Casino is built around it.</p><br>
<h3>Former Customs House (1936-37)</h3><br>
<p>An inter-war two-storeyed rendered cavity brick building, with hipped terracotta tiled roof. The building is square in plan with a projecting entrance portico and balcony. The entrance facade to Abbott Street is decorated with moulded details that are classically derived including double height pilasters, which rise to a stepped parapet. On the upper level of the Abbott Street elevation all the openings have timber shutters. All the windows and French doors in the building are multi-paned.</p><br>
<p>Internally the ground floor contains the Long Room and four offices, with the upper floor being residential accommodation of seven principal rooms. All the rooms on both levels open out onto verandahs and balconies. The building contains most of its original finishes and fittings. The Long Room has a decorative moulded plaster cornice and pilasters. All the joinery throughout the building is silky oak.</p><br>
<h3>Former Bond Store</h3><br>
<p>Designed to complement the former Customs House, the former Bond Store is a single-storeyed rendered cavity brick building, with a suspended concrete slab floor and a terracotta tiled roof. The interior has been renovated.</p><br>
<p>The grounds contain a number of mature shade trees and the site also includes garages and sheds.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Cairns Customs House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Cairns Customs House is important in demonstrating the evolution and pattern of Cairns&#39; history, the site being associated with the earliest European settlement of the Trinity Bay area and with the development of Cairns as the principal port in far northern Queensland. The present buildings were associated with the administration of customs operations at Cairns for over 50 years.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The former Cairns Customs House is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of an interwar custom house employing classical motifs.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The site and buildings are valued for social and historic reasons by the Cairns community, as part of an historic government precinct which includes the adjacent Anzac Memorial Park and reserve R.886.</p><br>
<p>Cairns City Council Chambers is a heritage-listed former town hall and now council library at 151 Abbott Street, Cairns, Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Hill & Taylor and built from 1929 to 1930 by Alex McKenzie. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 October 1998. It is now home to the Cairns City Library.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Cairns City Council Chambers was constructed in 1929-1930 and is a substantial reinforced concrete structure located on a large corner site surrounded by parkland. The building was erected during the third major phase of Cairns development, between the First and Second World Wars, at which time the citys status as the principal port of Far North Queensland was consolidated and the city centre virtually re-built.</p><br>
<p>Cairns was established officially in October 1876 as a port to service the newly discovered Hodgkinson goldfields. In this first phase of Cairns development there was a small flurry of building activity (mostly shanties and tent houses), but the town competed with both Cooktown and Port Douglas for the Hodgkinson trade, and made little progress until the establishment of a local sugar industry and the opening up of the Atherton Tablelands mineral fields, in the early 1880s. The 1885 announcement that Cairns was to be the terminus for the Cairns-to-Herberton railway established the town as the principal port in the region. These boosts to the local economy in the 1880s generated a second building and development phase, during which the early temporary structures were replaced by more substantial timber buildings.</p><br>
<p>Whilst a number of masonry and reinforced concrete commercial buildings were erected in Cairns in the years immediately preceding the First World War, the third major phase of Cairns&#39; development was during the 1920s and 1930s. The Cairns hinterland Soldier Settlement Schemes of the 1920s, the completion of the North Coast rail link to Brisbane in 1924, the opening of the Gillies Highway and the Captain Cook Highway, the continued success of the local sugar industry, the expansion of wharf facilities, the extensive re-building necessitated by cyclones in the 1920s, and the poor condition of earlier timber structures, combined to produce unprecedented building activity in Cairns. The city centre in particular was dominated until the 1980s by masonry and reinforced concrete structures of the interwar period, and in this respect was markedly different from other Queensland towns and cities established in the 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Important civic buildings of this time, most of which were designed with classical detailing intended to re-affirm the power and presence of government in the community, include the Cairns City Council Chambers, former Cairns Court House and Public Offices (now Cairns Regional Gallery), the former Cairns Customs House, former Cairns Post Office, former Cairns Telegraph Office and Cairns State High School. Other prominent buildings of the period also designed with classical detailing include the Cairns Masonic Temple and the Cairns Post building. The construction of these buildings reflected the confidence of the Queensland Government and the local community in the growth of Cairns as an important regional centre during the interwar period.</p><br>
<p>The Cairns Divisional Board was established in 1879 by the Divisional Boards Act of that year, later becoming the Cairns Shire Council and then the Mulgrave Shire Council. In 1885 the Cairns Municipal Council was set up to administer the town area, and an allotment of land was set aside as a municipal reserve some blocks away from the main settlement of lower Abbott Street, on the corner of Aplin Street. The Cairns Municipal Council Chambers, a timber building, was constructed on the site, and in 1886 the Council applied for a public market reserve on land adjoining the municipal reserve fronting Lake Street, with a roadway entrance from Abbott Street. This was established in 1886, and in 1893 one allotment of the public market reserve fronting Lake Street was surrendered for a fire brigade station use, and two smaller allotments fronting Abbott Street were included as part of the public market reserve, resulting in the current site configuration. In June 1940 the previous reserves were cancelled and the site was gazetted as a reserve for local government purposes. In July of that year, a deed of grant upon trust for local government purposes was issued to the Cairns City Council for the site.</p><br>
<p>The Cairns Municipal Council became the Cairns Town Council on 31 March 1903, which in turn became the Cairns City Council on 13 October 1923. In 1926, Cairns celebrated its 50th anniversary.</p><br>
<p>The Cairns City Council Chambers were constructed in 1929-1930, replacing the timber council chambers. The Cairns City Council Chambers were designed by the architectural partnership of Hill and Taylor, who were prominent local architects working in North Queensland during the interwar period. Hill and Taylor practiced in Cairns from 1927–33, and in Townsville from 1933-c.1940, however Richard Hill had been practicing as an architect in Cairns from 1919. Prior to his partnership, Arthur John Taylor had worked for Richard Hill from 1925-27 after having been employed by the Queensland Government.</p><br>
<p>The builder of the Cairns City Council Chambers was Mr Alex McKenzie, and the foundation stone was laid by Mayor Alderman WA Collinson on 20 November 1929. In December 1929 the building was estimated to cost approximately £15,000. The Cairns City Council Chambers originally comprised a T-shaped plan with a central columned vestibule (pronaos) to Abbott Street, flanked on either side by three bays of verandah (now enclosed) with each section having a separate hipped roof. The building was extended c.1961 by a further three bays to either side with matching facade detailing. The rear verandahs were also enclosed, and the original timber floors were replaced with concrete slabs. The building was extended with infill at the rear corners, with the northern extension completed in 1969 and the southern in 1975. Major refurbishment was carried out in 1979-80, with the mezzanine floor added, and suspended ceilings installed.</p><br>
<p>The building appears to have originally had a picket fence to the Abbott Street frontage, which was replaced during the 1930s by a fence with concrete piers and metal gates which was in keeping with the original design proposal for the building. This fence is no longer extant, but its base may survive in the form of an existing concrete upstand along the Abbott Street boundary. The building is now fronted by the Centenary Forecourt, which was opened in 1985 to celebrate 100 years of local government in Cairns.</p><br>
<p>In the late 1990, the building was redesigned and reopened in 1999 as the Cairns City Library.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Cairns City Council Chambers, located on a large site bounded by Abbott, Aplin and Lake Streets, is surrounded by parkland with mature trees including Figs, Queen Palms and Traveller&#39;s Palms. The single-storeyed reinforced concrete structure, designed with classical detailing, has separate hipped roofs clad in ribbed metal sheeting and partly concealed behind a parapet.</p><br>
<p>The symmetrical main entrance faces Abbott Street to the northeast, with a forecourt area fronting a stylised pronaos. The pronaos consists of eight Ionic columns in antis, with fluting to the base of the shaft of each column, and the pilasters at either end have stylised detailing with a coat of arms towards the top. The entablature has a wide cornice formed by a projecting eave which aligns with the remainder of the building, and the pediment has the name CAIRNS CITY COUNCIL and is surmounted by an acroteria at the apex.</p><br>
<p>The pronaos has three doorways opening to the foyer. Each doorway has expressed architraves, the lintel of which projects from the wall face and is supported by scrolled brackets. The original doors have been replaced with aluminium framed glazed doors, however the leadlight fanlights survive intact. A row of high level windows located above the doorhead have been closed over, but the window surrounds remain. A marble foundation plaque is fixed to the base of the wall.</p><br>
<p>The pronaos is flanked on either side by enclosed verandahs. Each verandah comprises six bays (the original section being only three bays) which consist of rectangular openings with expressed sill and architraves, and which have been infilled with glazing. The enclosed verandah is surmounted by a parapet with a stylised frieze, and flanked by stylised pilasters at either end.</p><br>
<p>The building has been extended to either side and at the rear corners, and the central roof section is higher than the flanking roof sections. The architectural detailing of the enclosed verandahs fronting Abbott Street is continued to both side elevations, with the parapet wrapping around to the rear of the building. The rear of the building has hipped roof sections forming deep eaves, with stylised corner pilasters projecting through to form corner parapets.</p><br>
<p>The rear of the central section has a skillion roofed verandah, enclosed with multi-paned timber windows above sill height, either side of a central portico. The portico has a parapet with corner pilasters, and an entablature with a wide cornice formed by a projecting eave which aligns with the adjoining verandahs. The pilasters frame a rectangular opening which is flanked by small Tuscan columns. The main roof has bracketed eaves, and narrow leadlight windows are located above the verandah roof, lighting the interior of the Council Chamber behind. The original toilet blocks are extant (with a plant being added to the roof of the northern toilet block) and flank the enclosed side verandahs of the rear central section.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building has a large central office and public enquiries area with non-original partitions fronting the pronaos entry to Abbott Street, with the former strong room behind, and the Council Chamber at the rear. The original verandahs returning along either side of the Council Chamber are extant, however they have been enclosed and additions constructed to infill the rear corners of the structure. The side wings retain some of the original planning and room layout, but have also been extended to either side. Some of the original french doors and fanlights, which opened onto verandahs from these rooms, survive intact. Suspended ceilings have been installed throughout most of the building, however a mezzanine level has been created above the strong room area and the original coffered plaster ceiling is visible.</p><br>
<p>The Council Chamber has cedar wall panelling to plate rail height, with painted wall surface above. The room also has paired cedar panelled doors and architraves, and leadlight windows. The southern wall of the Council Chamber has been altered with non-original timber joinery, and the room has a suspended ceiling which blocks the high level windows and obscures the overall proportions of the room.</p><br>
<p>The building is surrounded by extensive grounds, including mature trees and several flower beds. Driveway access and carparking is along the southern boundary of the site, and a second driveway enters off Aplin Street and accesses the rear portico. A large forecourt forms the entrance to the building from Abbott Street, and a low concrete upstand which runs along the Abbott Street boundary may be the base of the original concrete fence.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Cairns City Council Chambers was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 5 October 1998 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Cairns City Council Chambers survives as an important illustration of the growth and rebuilding of Cairns in the interwar years, when Cairns was transformed from a late 19th century town to a progressive, post-war city. In particular, the place illustrates the local community&#39;s confidence in Cairns as an important regional centre after the First World War, and the elevation of Cairns from town to city status. The site has sustained a continued local government presence in Cairns since 1885, when the Cairns Municipal Council was established and the first chambers constructed.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is an important example of the work of prominent North Queensland architectural partnership of Hill and Taylor.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Cairns City Council Chambers has considerable aesthetic and architectural significance, and together with its surrounding grounds and mature plantings, imbue a formal expression of classical interwar public architecture adapted to suit a tropical climate. The building makes a considerable contribution to the Cairns streetscape, and is an important member of a group of classically detailed interwar civic buildings designed to re-affirm the power and presence of government in the community.</p><br>
<p>As an integral member of a group of interwar civic buildings designed with classical detailing, the Cairns City Council Chambers contributes markedly to the city&#39;s sense of identity and history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The building has a strong association with the Cairns City Council and the Cairns community.</p><br>
<p>The Lt. Richard Hathorn House is a historic house on Maine State Route 127 in Woolwich, Maine. Built in 1784, it is one of the best-preserved early Federal period houses in Maine&#39;s Mid Coast region. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Hathorn House is located on the east side of Route 127, just north of Misty Hollow Drive and west of the northern part of Nequasset Lake. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, oriented facing south, and is five bays wide, with a side gable roof, central chimney, clapboard siding, and a fieldstone foundation. Its windows are simply framed, and its central entrance has an elaborate surround, with Ionic pilasters supporting an entablature and cornice. The interior is largely original, with five fireplaces which include a massive kitchen hearth with beehive oven, and fine wood paneling in many of its rooms. An ell extends to the right of the main block.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1784 by Richard Hathorn, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War. The only significant modernizing elements made to the house are the introduction of plumbing and electricity. It is one of the least-altered houses of the period in the Maine Mid Coast region.</p><br>
<p>The Moses Bailey House is a historic house at 209 Winthrop Center Road in the Winthrop Center village of Winthrop, Maine. Built about 1853, with additional Italianate styling added in 1870, it is one of Winthrop&#39;s finest surviving mid 19th-century farm houses. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It has been divided into apartments and is known as Bailey Manor.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Moses Bailey House stands on the west side of Winthrop Center Road (Maine State Route 135), just north of St. Andrews Episcopal Church. It is a typical New England connected farmstead, with a main house connected to a barn via two ells, all stretched along the road. The main facade of the house faces east, toward the road. The main block is 2-1/2 stories in height, with a side gable roof topped by a square Italianate cupola with rounded-arch windows. The main facade is five bays wide, with corner pilasters and a center entrance sheltered by a porch with square columns, and a polygonal bay window above. A cross-gable rises above that bay, with a small round-arch window at its center. The southern facade has a two-story polygonal bay window on the right side. The first ell is two stories in height, with a single-story shed-roof porch across its front, and the second ell is 1-1/2 stories in height. The attached barn has been converted to residential used.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1853 by Moses Bailey, a prominent local businessman who was an early manufacturer of oil cloth floor coverings. Originally Greek Revival in style, in 1870 Bailey made the alterations the give the house its Italianate character. The house has been divided into apartments.</p><br>
<p>Kangerlussuaq Fjord  is a fjord in eastern Greenland. It is part of the Sermersooq municipality.</p><br>
<p>The fjord was named by the East-Greenland Coast Expedition led by Georg Carl Amdrup in 1900. Currently drilling explorations are being carried out for the possible exploitation of gold, palladium and platinum in the Kangerlussuaq area.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>This fjord is located in King Christian IX Land, roughly midway between Scoresby Sound and the Sermilik Fjord and is the second-largest fjord in the southeastern coast of Greenland. Its waters are fed by the huge Kangerlussuaq Glacier, the largest glacier on the east coast of the Greenland ice sheet, among other not so large active glaciers such as the Hutchinson Glacier near its southern entrance. The fjord stretches inland in a roughly NW direction and its mouth is located between Cape Deichmann and Cape Hammer in the Denmark Strait area of the Atlantic Ocean.</p><br>
<p>The Nordfjord, Courtauld Fjord, Amdrup Fjord (Atterteq) and Watkins Fjord (Torsukattak) are smaller side fjords within the Kangerlussuaq Fjord system. Kraemer Island lies at the entrance of Watkins Fjord, separated from the Skaergaard Peninsula on the northern shore of Kangerlussuaq Fjord by the narrow Uttental Sund. Kangerlussuaq Fjord is a deep fjord with strong and dangerous currents.</p><br>
<h3>Mountains</h3><br>
<p>Near the fjord&#39;s entrance its sides widen, forming an impressive bay surrounded by towering cliffs and high mountains, such as the 1,660 m high Batbjerg to the northwest and the mountainous upland of the Nordfjord Plateau to the northeast.</p><br>
<p>The Redekammen and the Kangerlussuaq Tinde are nunataks located to the west, the Prince of Wales Range (Prinsen af Wales Bjerge) is located to the north and the Lemon Range to the east of the fjord. The Crown Prince Frederick Range stretches southwestwards to the southwest of the fjord.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The area around Kangerlussuaq has been known for its unique geology since the 1930s regarding the many intrusions where magma from the earths interior has been forced into the earths crust. The Skaergaard intrusion that was discovered by Lawrence Wager in 1931 during the British Arctic Air Route Expedition is especially well-known.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The eastern coast of Greenland was inhabited by Paleo-Eskimo people 4000 years ago and the Kangerlussuaq Fjord was likely visited by hunters. A quartz hand scraper found in Cape Irminger —24 km east of Cape Hammer— proves that the region was visited at least 2000 years ago. Inuit people lived in the area between the late 13th century and the early 19th century.</p><br>
<p>Remains of Inuit dwellings were found in 1900 when the first Europeans reached this remote fjord during Georg Amdrup&#39;s East-Greenland Coast Expedition. However, the first archaeological excavations on the Skaergaard Peninsula were carried out by members of the Second East-Greenland Expedition of the Scoresbysund Committee led by Ejnar Mikkelsen in 1932.</p><br>
<p>On the occasion of the Second International Polar Year in 1932 a Norwegian weather and radio station named "Storfjord Radio" began operations at Mud Bay (Mudderbugten) on the southwest side of Kangerlussuaq Fjord. The station ceased operations in 1933.</p><br>
<p>In 1945 there was a hunters colony near the mouth of the fjord and a US run weather station was established on the Skaergaard Peninsula. The weather station was moved in 1949 to North Apulileeq (Nordre Aputiteq) island, located about 45 km to the southwest off Cape Edvard Holm.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Tundra climate prevails in the region of the fjord. The average annual temperature in the Kangerlussuaq Fjord area is -11 °C. The warmest month is July when the average temperature rises to 2 °C, and the coldest is March, with -18 °C.</p><br>
<p>The Kingsley Grist Mill Historic District encompasses a well-preserved small late 19th-century mill complex with surviving 18th-century remnants a Gorge and East Roads in Clarendon, Vermont. The complex includes a house, barn, mill and other outbuildings, and the nearby Kingsley Covered Bridge. The district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2007.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Kingsley Grist Mill complex is located southeast of the junction of Gorge and East Roads, a short way southeast of the Rutland Southern Vermont Regional Airport. Roughly 3 acre in size, it includes a c. 1778 house, 1885 horse barn, and a mill complex, most of whose elements date to the 1880s. The district also includes the foundational remnants of a second mill and the mill dam, a timber crib dam whose main structure was washed away by flooding in 1927. An old alignment of the main road connecting Clarendon to Shrewsbury is also believed to pass through the property (now serving as its main drive).</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1778 by Nathaniel Crary, a veteran of the American Revolutionary War. Crary also built the first mills on the site, which were washed away by flooding in 1818. Crary sold the property in 1825 to Chester Kingsley, who built new mills on the site. His son Horace enlarged the house to its present configuration about 1835. Chester Kingsleys carding mill was destroyed by flooding in 1869, and the grist mill on the site underwent several upgrades in the 19th century, before being completely rebuilt for John Kingsley by Nichols Powers, generally better known as a builder of covered bridges. The grist mill was operated by the Kingsleys until 1935.</p><br>
<p>Noblesville Commercial Historic District is a national historic district located at Noblesville, Hamilton County, Indiana. It encompasses 54 contributing buildings in the central business district of Noblesville. It developed between about 1875 and 1931, and includes notable examples of Gothic Revival, Italianate, and Renaissance Revival style architecture. Located in the district is the separately listed Hamilton County Courthouse Square, which includes the courthouse  and Sheriff&#39;s Residence and Jail . Other notable buildings include the Indiana Union Traction Company Station , Lacy Block , Evers Block , USA Post Office , USA Post Office , and First Christian Church .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Hamilton County Courthouse Square is a historic courthouse and jail located at Noblesville, Hamilton County, Indiana. The jail was built in 1875-1876, and is a Second Empire style brick and limestone building. It consists of the two-story, ell-shaped jailer&#39;s residence, with a cellblock attached at the rear. It features a three-story square tower that once had a mansard roof. The courthouse was built between 1877 and 1879, and is a three-story, Second Empire style, rectangular brick building. It has a clock tower atop the mansard roof and limestone Corinthian order pilasters.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. The buildings are located in the Noblesville Commercial Historic District.</p><br>
